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THE SCIENTIFIC
PROCESS
RESEARCH
-Systematic study directed
toward fuller scientific
knowledge or understanding of
the subject studied
RESEARCH
Applied Resear ch

Ap plie d -Aims to solve a problem

-Wants to understand what means are
needed for a specific need to be met

Basic Researc h
-"Exploring for exploring's sake"
-Wants to understand the fundemental
aspects without worrying about the
Bas ic
products
APPLIED RESEARCH
-Systematic study to gain knowledge or understanding
necessary to determine the means by which a recognized and
specific need may be met.

–Solving problems
–Examples in Ecology: conservation biology, global change,
pollution, wildlife & habitat management, aquatic resources,
restoration ecology, and management of pests, weeds and
disease
BASIC RESEARCH
-Systematic study directed toward fuller knowledge or understanding of the
fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific
applications towards processes or products in mind.

-Exploring for Exploring’s Sake

-Examples in Ecology: natural history, biodiversity inventories, predation,
population dynamics, herbivory, etc.

-Although basic research does not aim to solve a problem, it can produce
discoveries that unexpectedly contribute to a variety of scientific disciplines.
Example: Thomas Brock: Taq Polymerase and PCR
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
STEPS

Objective
Research & Observations
Hypothesis
Experimental Design
Analysis
Conclusions
Communication
Biology 101 Lab | 2021
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

OBJECTIVE HYPOTHESIS
-First, you need to state your -Formulate your hypothesis
objective. -Two types:
-This is your question. -Alternative
-Null
RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTAL
OBSERVATIONS DESIGN
-Background Research: -Design a testable and repeatable
-What has already been done in this experiment to test your hypothesis
area?
-Anything I should know about
before starting?
Biology 101 Lab | 2021
-Make some general observations
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

ANALYSIS
-Analyze your results
-Compare back to your hypothesis
COMMUNICATION
-Put your results out into the world
-Write a paper or journal article to be
published
-Let people know what you found

CONCLUSIONS
-Create a discussion around your
results
-What did your results tell you?
-Draw any conclusions you can

Biology 101 Lab | 2021

HYPOTHESES
A good hypothe sis is
unamb iguous, falsifia ble,
Alter nativ e and testable .
Hyp othe sis 1.𝝁1 ≠ 𝝁2
2.𝝁1 > 𝝁2

3.𝝁1 < 𝝁2

The hypoth esis of no

effect; Typica lly support s
no differe nce between the Null
variabl es being tested.
Hyp othe sis
1.𝝁1 =𝝁2
What are you trying to answer?
-Your objective and hypotheses might aim to explain proximate and/or
ultimate causes for the phenomenon of interest.

PROXIMATE ULTIMATE
-causes are mechanistic and -causes address evolutionary
answer the “how” ignificance and answer the “why"

-concerned with the environmental -concerned with selection

stimuli (natural/sexual), fitness
and the underlying genetic,
physiological, developmental, and
anatomical
mechanisms Biology 101 Lab | 2021
 TYPES OF
VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT
-Times
-Age
-Month/day/year
-Developmental Stage

DEPENDENT
-Number of individuals
-Test Scores
-Amount of product

Biology 101 Lab | 2021

TYPES OF GRAPHS
CATEGORICAL

CONTINUOUS
Diffusion &
Osmosis
 E N T S
O U N C EM
A NN N 2 4 HOU R S :
U E W ITHI
T I S D
W H A

u l a t i o n
e i l S i m
e n - M c N
-H a y d
Q u i z
-SA Q u i z
C Q u iz m m a r y n B B )
-M L a b S u o t e s ( o
b o a r d t L a b N
-Black E x t r a C r e d i
p t i o n a l
-O
 T S F O R
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HO MEW

- N o n e
MOLES & MOLAR SOLUTIONS
•1 mole = 6.022x1023 molecules (Avogadro’s number or Avogadro
constant)
•Molecules = (n moles) x (Avogadro’s number)
•Moles = x grams / molecular weight
•(x-grams) / (y-grams/mole)
•1 Molar (1M) solution = 1 mole of solute/ 1L of solvent
•1 L = 1000 mL
•1 g = 1 mL of H2O
MOLES & MOLAR SOLUTIONS
-Molecular Weight:
-Na = 22.99 ; Cl = 35.45
-NaCl molecular weight = 58.44
-1 Molar solution of NaCl contains _____ grams/liter of NaCl
-x/58.44 = 1
-x = 58.44 grams
-1 liter of 20% NaCl would contain ____ grams of NaCl
-200 grams
-200 grams of NaCl = _____ moles of NaCl
-3.42 moles of NaCl
-3.42 moles of NaCl = _____ molecules of NaCl
-2.06 x 1024 molecules of NaCl
 DIFFUSION
-Diffusion is a spontaneous movement of
molecules from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration
-Occurs in gaseous state or within gas
molecules and liquid molecules. Molecules
are always in random motion, hence
movement from higher concentration to
lower concentration

Biology 101 Lab | 2021

 DIFFUSION
-Since this movement is spontaneous, it requires no energy
-Can occur across a selectively permeable membrane like that seen in cells
-Molecules and atoms move in and out of the membrane through protein
channels that open and close accordingly
-Diffusion can also occur across an artificial selectively permeable membrane.
Today we will be using dialysis tubing to simulate a membrane in vitro
-The tubing only discriminates based on size, while a membrane in vivo selects
for size, polarity, and charge

Biology 101 Lab| 2021

STARCH & GLUCOSE
STARCH
•Starch is 3,000 – 100,000 glucose
molecules linked together and how glucose
is stored in plants

GLUCOSE
-Glucose is an important source of chemical
energy in biological systems
 OSMOSIS
-Osmosis is the spontaneous net
movement of water across a
semipermeable membrane
-Movement is from a region of low
solute concentration to a region with a
high solute concentration
-In other words, it is the diffusion of
water

Biology 101 Lab | 2021

 OSMOSIS
-Osmosis will occur until the solute concentrations
on both sides of the membrane are equal

Biology 101 Lab| 2021

TONICITY
Hypertonic
-Solution with HIGHER solute concentration
-e.g.- 10% salt solution

Hypotonic
-Solution with LOWER solute concentration
-e.g.- 0.2% salt solution
Isotonic
-Solution with EQUAL solute concentration
-e.g.- 0.9% salt solution

IMPORTANT: Tonicity ALWAYS describes the concentration of the solute (what is dissolved),
NOT the solvent (what the solute is dissolved in)
 HYPERTONIC
PLANT CELL
When plant cells shrink, they are said
to be "plasmolyzed"

ANIMAL CELL
Shrinking of animal cells is called
"crenation"
 HYPOTONIC
PLANT CELL
"Turgor Pressure" is what holds up
the stalks of non-woody plants

ANIMAL CELL
Bursting of RBCs is called
"hemolysis"
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
 TODAY'S
EXPERIMENT
Membrane Size Selectivity
Presentations are communication tools that can be
used as demonstrations.

Relative Concentration and Osmosis

Presentations are communication tools that can be
used as demonstrations.
Osmosis in Living Cells
Presentations are communication tools that can be
used as demonstrations.
 E N T S
O U N C EM
A NN N 2 4 HOU R S :
U E W ITHI
T I S D
W H A

u l a t i o n
e i l S i m
e n - M c N
-H a y d
Q u i z
-SA Q u i z
C Q u iz m m a r y n B B )
-M L a b S u o t e s ( o
b o a r d t L a b N
-Black E x t r a C r e d i
p t i o n a l
-O
 T S F O R
N M E N
I G
ASS WEEK
NE X T
O R K
HO MEW

- N o n e