EN11/ 12RWS-IIIa -2.

4
Describing Written Text
as Connected Discourse
Text vs. Discourse

 Text is made up of sentences.

 Discourse is the use of such sentences.

Text vs. Discourse

 A text is made up of sentences having the property of

grammatical cohesion.

 A discourse is made up of utterances having the property of

coherence.
Text vs. Discourse

 Text analysis deals with cohesion.

 Discourse analysis investigates coherence.

Take for example:

“Peter saw cows and pigs flying around the house.”

Text vs. Discourse

Text is defined in terms of its being a physical product.

Meaning is not found in text.

Discourse is viewed as a process.

Meaning is derived through the reader’s interaction with the text
discourse.
WHAT MAKES TEXT A
CONNECTED DISCOURSE?
TEXT BECOMES A
CONNECTED DISCOURSE
WHEN WE READ.
Let us Read!

 Photosynthesis poem
Carly Carbon Dioxide
And Wally Water molecule
Dance in the Sunlight
On the green Chlorophyll
Pool
Food out
Energy in
-Miss Sam
What is Reading?
What is reading?

READING is a cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive

meaning from a text. It is always an interaction between the text and
the reader.
We read to gain and share information and ideas, whether for
academic, personal, or professional purposes.
EFFECTIVE READING
STRATEGIES
Reading Strategies

Previewing

Skimmimg

Scanning
Previewing

Previewing means looking at the readily visible parts of the text.

It helps familiarize you with the contents of the selection and focus
on the important information in the text
Skimming

Skimming the text means you look for the main point of the reading
and identify the ideas that develop it.
Scanning

Scanning the reading is looking for specific information.

This strategy involves physically moving your eyes quickly along the
lines of text.
 WHAT IS
PREVIEWING?
SKIMMING?
SCANNING?
Let’s Read!
A Limerick

There was a young girl on a tower,

Who looked just as fresh as a flower.
Her hair was like silk,
Her skin smooth as milk,
But her breath made the strongest knight cower.
-author unknown
1. What could be the other name of the girl in the tower?
2. What made the strongest knight cower?
3. If you could talk to the young girl, how could you help her solve
her problem and not to drive the strongest knight away?
 
The third question will be answered through a group activity. The
class will be grouped according to their strength and interest.
 Group 1- create a song
 Group 2- create an advertisement
 Group 3- create a poem.
tion

Criteria for Grading your

presentation
Indicator Rating (2-5)

1. Grammatical Cohesion  

1. Coherence/Unity of Ideas  

1. Creativity/ Appealing to the audience  

Highest possibel score 15

 How are we going to describe text as a connected discourse?
 What is the significance of getting a better sense of a text in our
daily life?
 If life gets hard to understand, what do you do?
 
1. Which is true about a text?
a. It is made up of sentences having the property grammatical
coherence.
b. It is made up of utterances having the property of cohesion.
c. It is made up of sentences having the property grammatical
cohesion.
d. It is made up of utterances having the property of coherence
2.The following principles show the sequential implicativeness
EXCEPT:
 
a. Each line in the text is connected from or connected to the
previous line.
b. Each preceding line is built upon the succeeding line/s.
c. Language contains a linear sequence.
d. The flow of ideas is established within the text.
3. Which is INCORRECT about a discourse?
a. It is viewed as a process.
b. It is the readers interaction with the text.
c. It is where meaning is derived.
d. It is made up of sentences.
4. Which of the following is true about skimming?
a. It is looking for the main point of the reading and identifying the
ideas that develop it.
b. It is looking for specific information.
c. It involves physically moving your eyes quickly along the lines of
text.
d. It means looking at the readily visible parts of the text.
5. What is the deep text in the sample limerick?
a. There was a young girl on a tower.
b. But her breath made the strongest knight cower.
c. Her hair was like silk.
d. Her skin smooth as milk.
 I. Foods II. Animals
A. Meats A. Birds
1. hamburger 1. robin
2. pork chops 2. hawk
B. Vegetables B. Insects
1. broccoli 1. mosquito
2. corn on the 2. beetle
cub
A. Outdoor Activities
1. swimming
B. Indoor Activities
2. playing basketball
1. reading a book
3. riding a bike
2. building a model
4. climbing a tree
3. playing cards
4. baking cookies
CREATING WRITING OUTLINES
 Objective:
To use a topic and sentence outline in
selecting and organizing information
What is an outline?
Outline
-A summary that gives the
essential features of a text
- It shows how the parts of a text
are related to one another as parts
that are of equal importance, or
sections that are subordinate to a
main idea.
Two Kinds of Outlines:
1. Reading Outline
2. Writing Outline
What is the difference between a reading
and a writing outline?
 Reading Outline
 - is used to get the main ideas of a text
that is already written.
 -helps you understand the text’s structure
more critically because you will have to
find the text’s thesis statement and
support.
 - you will better understand how a writer
connects and sequences the information in
the reading.
Writing Outline

 -is a skeletal version of your

essay.
 -used as a guide to organize your
ideas.
 -usually done before you write
the first draft of your essay.
Parts of a Formal Outline
I. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
B. Subsidiary idea or supporting idea to I
1. Subsidiary idea to B
2. Subsidiary idea to B
a. Subsidiary idea to 2
b. Subsidiary idea to 2
II. MAIN IDEA
A. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II
B. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II
C. Subsidiary or supporting idea to II
List of Suggestions in Creating
your Outline
 Determine what your purpose is for writing the thesis, who your
reading audience is, and what point of view and tone you would
like to assume in delivering your message.
 Begin your outline with a thesis statement. Keep in mind that it
should encompass everything in your outline.
 Review your notes your chosen writing purpose, audience, point
of view, and tone. Add in any new ideas as necessary.
List of Suggestions in Creating
your Outline
 Group together similar ideas and thoughts. Then name each group
with a heading that also serves as a main topic supporting your
thesis. Remember that the key to outlining is distinguishing
between main ideas and supporting ideas.
 Label all the main topics with Roman numerals. Note that they
will be your outline’s first level. Make sure your main topics are
logically sequenced.
List of Suggestions in Creating
your Outline
 Identify subtopics and classify them under the correct main
topics. Label these subtopics with uppercase letters. Note that
they will be your outline’s second level.
 Identify supporting points (such as illustrations and examples)
and classify them under the correct subtopics. Indent and label
them with Arabic numbers. Note that they will be your outline’s
third level.
List of Suggestions in Creating
your Outline
 Identify particular details (such as statistics, quotes, and other
secondary information) and classify them under the correct
supporting points. Indent and label them with lowercase letters.
Note that they will be your outline’s fourth level.
 Check your outline for unsupported evidence. Omit it, or add in
new supporting details as necessary.
List of Suggestions in Creating
your Outline
 Re-examine all your main topics, subtopics, supporting points,
and particular details to see that they all develop your thesis, and
are logically sequenced. Also check that all levels in the outline
have parallel wording and grammatical structure.
 Show your proposed outline to a number of people such as your
teacher, your classmates, your friends, or even your family. Get
feedback from them on what to improve.
Two Kinds of Generally Accepted
Outlines:
 1. Scratch/Topic Outline- a simple list of ideas that take the form
of words and phrases. They are good for their brevity.
 2. Sentence/Formal Outline- uses sentence to define the subject
matter. They are good for their specific details
Topic Outline
 Birds as Insect Controllers:
 I. How birds help
 A. Have high metabolism rate
 B. Eat nearly twice weight
 1. 3-oz. to 5 ½ oz. ratio in birds
 2. 10-lb. to 18 1/3 lb. ratio in humans
 II. How environment helps
 A. Vegetation
 1. Windbreaks
 2. Living fences
 3. Shrub buffers
 B. Water
 1. Farm ponds
 2. Grass waterways
Sentence Outline
 Birds as Insect Controllers:
 I. Birds eat insects.
 A. The birds have a high metabolism rate.
 B. The birds eat almost twice their own weight.
 1. A 3-ounce baby bird will eat 5 ½ ounces of insects.
 2. A 10-pound human baby would have to eat 18 1/3 pounds of food.
 II. The environment attracts birds.
 A. Planting the right vegetation attracts birds.
 1. Windbreaks provide birds protection.
 2. Living fences provide birds nesting and roosting sites.
 3. Shrub buffers provide birds protection.
 B. Developing water sources attracts birds.
 1. Farm ponds provide birds with water and food.
 2. Grass waterways attract birds of different varieties.
 
Webster’s New World Student Handbook, Second Edition, p. 35
Points to Remember

 1. There is no one real or right

way to outline.
 2. Outline only if it will help
your writing, and outline in a
way that will help you best.
Exercises

 A. Below are list of words which

form parts of main idea/ general
topic that includes all the terms in
the set as subtopics.
1. Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,
Tumbler
General topic:______________
Exercises

 A. Below are lists of words which form parts of main idea/

general topic that includes all the terms in the set as subtopics.

1. Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,

Tumbler
General topic: Social Networking
Sites
Exercises

 A. Below are lists of words which form parts of main idea/ general topic that
includes all the terms in the set as subtopics.

1. Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Tumbler

General topic: Social Networking Sites
2. Ondoy, Yolanda, Sendong, Milenyo
General topic:_____________________
Exercises

 A. Below are lists of words which form parts of main idea/ general topic that
includes all the terms in the set as subtopics.

1. Twitter, Facebook, Instagram,

Tumbler
General topic: Social Networking Sites
2. Ondoy, Yolanda, Sendong, Milenyo
General topic: Devastating Typhoons in
the Philippines
 B. Below is a list of topics that could serve as
main idea. Provide at least three possible
subtopics that relate to the main idea as
examples, stages or steps, or parts.

 The process of photosynthesis

 I. The Process of Photosynthesis
A. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the plant leaf
through stomata.
B. Water enters the leaves, primarily through the roots.
C. As sunlight falls on the leaf surface, the chlorophyll, i.e.,
the green pigment present in the plant leaf, traps the energy in it.
D. Then hydrogen and oxygen are produced by converting
water using the energy derived from the Sun.
 2. The Parts of a Basketball
Court
 I. The Parts of A Basketball Court
A. Basket, Backboard and Net
B. Front Court and Back Court
C. Center Circle/ Jump Circle
C. Below is a group of jumbled topics that are
parts of complete three level outlines, including
a title, main ideas, and subordinate ideas.
Rewrite the entire outline by sorting out these
items, taking care that you classify all pertinent
subtopics under their proper main headings and
arranging the entire outline in the best order.
 Eat nearly twice weight
 Windbreaks
 3-oz. To 5 ½ oz. ratio in birds
 Birds as insect controllers
 How birds help
 Shrub buffers
 Living fences
 Vegetation
 Farm ponds
Application-Group Activity

 Group 1- Give the General Topic

 Group 2- Give at least three possible
subtopics
 Group 3- Arrange the given topics as
parts of a complete three-level
outlines including a title, main ideas,
and subordinate ideas.
Evaluation
 Write the letter of the correct answer in a ¼ sheet of paper.
1.Which of the following is INCORRECT about an outline?
a. It is a summary that gives the essential features of a text.
b. It shows how the parts of a text are related to one another.
c. It shows that the parts of a text are of equal importance.
d. Sections that are subordinate to the main idea are marked by
Roman numerals.
 2. What is the difference between a reading outline and a writing
outline?
a. Reading outline is used to get the main idea of a text that is already
written while writing outline is a skeletal version of your essay.
b. Reading outline is used as a guide to organize your ideas while
writing outline helps you understand the text’s structure more
critically.
c. Reading outline is usually done before you write the first draft of
your essay while writing outline will help you better understand
how a writer connects the information in the reading.
d. Reading outline is a skeletal version of your essay while writing
outline is used to get the main idea of a text that is already written.
3. What kind of outline uses sentences to define the subject matter?
a. Topic outline
b. Sentence outline
c. Informal outline
d. Scratch outline
4. What is the general topic in the following subtopics?
Tom Cruise, Brad Pitt, Leonardo de Caprio
e. Successful singers
f. Hollywood Actors
g. Filipino Chefs
h. Ms. Universe Runners-up
 5. What are the subtopics in the given general topic?
a. blue, red, yellow, white
b. Blue, orange, red, white
c. Red, brown, yellow, blue
d. Blue, red, yellow black
“If I try to articulate every little detail in a
drawing, it would be like missing the forest for
the trees, so it’s just about getting the outline of
the forest.”
~Jeff Koons