DISPERSED SYSTEM

DISPERSED SYSTEMS
• TYPES OF DISPERSED SYSTEMS
• MOLECULAR DISPERSION - <1.0nm
• COLLOIDAL DISPERSION – 1.0 nm – 0.5 mc
• COARSE DISPERSION - >0.5 mc

GOLD NUMBER – expression of the protective effect of a colloid

 TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SYSTEMS
• 1. LYOPHILIC • 2. LYOPHOBIC
• Solvent-hating • Solvent-hating
• Contains colloidal particles that interact to an • Composed of materials that have little
appreciable extent with the dispersion medium attraction for the dispersion medium
• Spontaneous form • Nonspontaneous form
• Thermodynamically stable • Thermodynamically unstable
• Organic molecules • Inorganic particles dispersed in water
• Methods: hydration ex: acacia mucilage, • Methods: condensation (smaller to larger);
gelatin, albumin deflocculation (larger to smaller); peptization
(use of salting-out)
• 3. ASSOCIATION
• Amphiphilic colloids
 PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS:
• KINETIC
• Brownian movement; diffusion;
osmosis; sedimentation; viscosity
• OPTICAL
• Faraday-tyndall effect
• ELECTRIC
• Electrokinetic phenomena
• Electrophoresis
• Electroosmosis
• Sedimentation potential
• Streaming potential
 COARSE DISPERSION
• 1. EMULSION
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED:
• A. CREAMING – upward movement of internal phase
• B. SEDIMENTATION - downward movement of internal phase
• C. FLOCCULATION – reversible aggregation of droplets

• D. COALESCENCE/CRACKING/BREAKING – complete fusion of

droplets (irreversible)
• E. PHASE INVERSION – change on the type of emulsion

• 2. SUSPENSION
• Most common problem encountered is CAKING
 COARSE DISPERSION
• 3. SEMISOLID PREPARATIONS (gels, suppository and
ointments)
Problems encountered:
• A. SYNERESIS – shrinking of gel structure caused by the pressing
out of the liquid
• B. BLEEDING – liberation of the liquid from the base
• C. SWELLING/IMBIBITION – absorption of a liquid into the structure
 RHEOLOGY
SCIENCE THAT STUDIES THE FLOW OF LIQUIDS AND THE DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS

• VISCOSITY – relative motion of adjacent layers of liquid and is expresses as:

• n = F/G
• F= shearing stress (dyne/cm2)
• G – rate of shear (rev/min)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT VISCOSITY
• TEMPERATURE
• CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTE
• TIME
• PRESSURE
• SHEARING STRESS
• RATE OF SHEAR
 SYSTEMS
• A. NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS
• B. NON-NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS
• PLASTIC FLOW
• PSEUDOPLASTIC FLOW
• DILATANT FLOW
• THIXOTROPY
 NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS
• Direct proportionality between rate of shear and shearing
stress
• Constant viscosity with increasing rate
 NON-NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS
• 1. PLASTIC FLOW
• BINGHAM BODIES
• CURVE DOES NOT PASS THROUGH THE ORIGIN BUT RATHER
INTERSECTS THE SHEARING STRESS AXIS AT A PARTICULAR POINT
(YIELD VALUE)
• A YIELD VALUE MUST BE OVERCOME BEFORE THE SYSTEM BEGINS
TO FLOW
 NON-NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS
• 2. PSEUDOPLASTIC FLOW
• CURVE BEGINS AT THE ORIGIN
• NO YIELD VALUE
• VISCOSITY DECREASES WITH INCREASING SHEAR RATE
 NON-NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS
• 3. DILATANT FLOW
• REVERSE EFFECT TO PSEUDOPLASTIC FLOW
• VISCOSITY INCREASES WITH INCREASING SHEAR RATE
 NON-NEWTONIAN SYSTEMS

• 4 THIXOTROPY
• ISOTHERMAL GEL-TO-SOL TRANSFORMATION
• RHEOPEXY: REVERSE PROCESS OF THIXOTROPY
 IMPORTANCE
• Study of flow properties of
liquids is important for
pharmacist working in the
manufacture of several dosage
forms, simple liquids, gels,
ointments, creams, and pastes
• These systems change their flow
behavior when exposed to
different stress conditions
 FUNDAMENTALS
• MANUFACTURING OF DOSAGE FORMS
• HANDLING OF DRUGS FOR ADMINISTRATION
 FLUIDITY
• Unit of measurement:
1. ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY – centipoise/poise
2. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY – centistoke/stoke
3. RELATIVE VISCOSITY - unitless
 MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY
• 1.
  CAPILLARY TUBE VISCOMETERS
• Measure of the time required for a given volume of liquid to flow through a capillary
• examples: Ostwald and ubbelohde viscometers
• Follows Poiseulle`s law:

• 2. ROTATIONAL VISCOMETERS
• Make use of a bob or spindle which is immersed in the liquid whose viscosity is to be
determined
• Ex: rotating bob – Brookfield, rotovisco, stormer; rotating cup -MacMichael
• 3. VISCOMETERS FOR OILS
• Redwood, engler, saybolt