Multivibrators and The 555 Timer: William Kleitz

Chapter 14
Multivibrators and the 555 Timer
William Kleitz
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Electronics with VHDL, Quartus®
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
II Version All rights reserved.
Multivibrators
• Changes between two digital levels
– continuous, free-running
– on demand
• Three types
– bistable (S-R flip-flop)
– astable
– monostable (one shot)
William Kleitz
Multivibrator
• Circuit whose output changes between

two digital levels.
• Three types
– Bistable: Two stable states (latches and flip-
flops)
– Monostable (also called “one-shot”): One
stable state
– Astable (also called “oscillator”): No stable
state
More on the Three Types
• Bistable Multivibrator: When placed in either state, it
will stay there indefinitely; won’t spontaneously
switch to the other state.
• Monostable (“One-shot”): Will stay in its stable state
indefinitely, but if forced into the other state it will
spontaneously switch back after a certain time.
• Astable (“Oscillator”): From either state it will
spontaneously switch to the other state after a certain
time.
Capacitor Charge and Discharge
Rates
• RC circuit
• See Figure 14-1
– RC circuit
– charging curve
– discharging curve
• Exponentially changing - time constant ()
• Solving the equation for t - See Equation 14-2
William Kleitz
Figure 14-1
William Kleitz
Equation 14-2
William Kleitz
Capacitor Charge and
Discharge
• For the circuit on the previous slide, the
time constant is equal to the product of R
times C:
Time constant = RC
• This time constant is a measure of how
quickly the capacitor charges.
• Rule of thumb: The capacitor is fully
charged after about 5 time constants.
Astable Multivibrators
• Single Schmitt Inverter and an RC circuit
• See Figure 14-5
William Kleitz
Figure 14-5
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–6 Waveforms from the oscillator circuit of Figure 14–5.
William Kleitz
Digital Electronics: A Practical Approach,
7e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 14–7 Solution to Example 14–5.
William Kleitz
Monostable Multivibrators
• See Figure 14-8
– block diagram
– waveforms
• Built from NAND gates
– See Figure 14-9
William Kleitz
Figure 14-8
Figure 14-9
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–10 Input/output waveforms for the circuit of Figure 14–9.
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–11 Waveforms for Example 14–6.
William Kleitz
IC Monostable Multivibrators
• 74121
– nonretriggerable
– connect RC components for proper pulse width
– two active-LOW trigger inputs
– one active-HIGH trigger input
– See Figure 14-12
• block diagram
• function table
William Kleitz
Figure 14-12
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–13 (a) Original square wave for Example 14–7; (b) monostable multivibrator circuit connections; (c) input/output
waveforms.
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–15 Solution to Example 14–8: (a) circuit connections for creating a delayed pulse and (b) input/output waveforms.
William Kleitz
Retriggerable Monostable
Multivibrators
• 74123
– new timing cycle each time new trigger applied
• comparison waveforms
• logic symbol
• function table
• component selection chart
William Kleitz
Figure 14-15
William Kleitz
Figure 14-16
William Kleitz
Figure 14-17
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–19 The 74123 retriggerable multivibrator: (a) circuit connections and (b) waveforms.
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–19 (continued) The 74123 retriggerable multivibrator: (a) circuit connections and (b) waveforms.
William Kleitz
Astable Operation of the 555 IC
Timer
• One shot or astable oscillator
• Voltage divider
• Comparators
• S-R flip-flop
• Discharge transistor
• See Figure 14-20
William Kleitz
Figure 14-20
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–21 The 555 astable multivibrator: (a) theoretical VC and Vout versus time waveforms and (b) actual breadboarded circuit,
power supply, and oscilloscope displaying the measured VC and Vout waveforms.
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–22 The 555 astable connections for Example 14–10.
William Kleitz
Astable Operation of the 555 IC
Timer
• 50% Duty Cycle Astable Oscillator
– RA cannot = 0 ohms
– RA = RB and short RB with a diode
William Kleitz
Figure 14-23
William Kleitz
Monostable Operation of the 555
IC Timer
• See Figure 14-25
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–25 The 555 connections for one-shot operation: (a) circuit-diagram and (b) waveforms.
William Kleitz
Monostable
The RC
controls a
charge cycle
only.
The Trigger is
active low.
Input must be
below 1/3
Vcc.
The Trigger must be
brought high to allow the
latch to reset.
FIGURE 14–25 (continued) The 555 connections for one-shot operation: (a) circuit-diagram and (b) waveforms.
William Kleitz
Timing Diagram
The Trigger is
active low.
Input
trigger
Output Tw Tw
pulse
Output pulse
created when If the trigger is held low beyond
input trigger calculated pulse width, the output
voltage is less pulse follows the input trigger
than 1/3 Vcc 555mono.37
FIGURE 14–26 Solution to Example 14–11.
William Kleitz
Crystal Oscillators
• Quartz crystal
• Size and shape determine specific frequency
• Accurate to more than five significant digits
• Integrated circuit packages or use external
quartz crystal
• 74S124
– voltage controlled oscillator
• See Figure 14-28-b
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–27 Photograph of an 8.000000-MHz quartz crystal.
William Kleitz
FIGURE 14–28 Crystal oscillator circuits: (a) high-speed CMOS oscillator; (b) Schottky-TTL oscillator; (c) Schmitt-inverter oscillator.
William Kleitz
Summary
• Multivibrator circuits are used to produce
free-running clock oscillator waveforms or
to produce a timed digital level change
triggered by an external source.
• Capacitor voltage charging and discharging
rates are the most common way to produce
predictable time duration for oscillator and
timing operations.
William Kleitz
Summary
• An astable multivibrator is a free-running
oscillator whose output oscillates between
two voltage levels at a rate determined by
an attached RC circuit.
• A monostable multivibrator is used to
produce an output pulse that starts when the
circuit receives an input trigger and lasts for
a length of time dictated by the attached RC
circuit.
William Kleitz
Summary
• The 74121 is an IC monostable multivibrator
with two active-LOW and one active-HIGH
input trigger sources and an active-HIGH and
an active-LOW pulse output terminal.
• Retriggerable monostable multivibrators
allow multiple input triggers to be
acknowledged even if the output pulse from
the previous trigger had not expired.
William Kleitz
Summary
• The 555 IC is a general-purpose timer that
can be used to make astable and monostable
multivibrators and perform any number of
other timing functions.
• Crystal oscillators are much more accurate
and stable than RC timing circuits. They
are used most often for microprocessor and
digital communication timing.
William Kleitz

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Chapter 14

Multivibrators and the 555 Timer

• Circuit whose output changes between

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