MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Depression is a mood
disorder that causes
a persistent feeling
of sadness and loss
of interest.
REPORT BY:
JERICK Y. PUBLICO
Feeling of sadness, tearfulness or hopelessness

Angry outburst, irritability or frustration, even

small matter

Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal

activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports.

Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping

too much.
Tiredness and lack of energy.

Loss of appetite

Slowed thinking, speaking

or body movements

Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past

failures or self blame.
Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death,
suicidal thought, suicide attempts or suicide.

Unexplained physical problems, such as back

pain or headaches.
CAUSES
• Biological differences
 People with depression appear to have physical changes in their
brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain, but
may eventually help pinpoint causes.

• Inherited traits
Depression is most common in people whose blood relatives
also have this condition. Researcher are trying find genes that
may be involved in causing depression.
RISK FACTOR
• Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and
being to dependent, self-critical or pessimistic.
• Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or
sexual abuse the death or loss of loved ones, difficult
relationship, or financial problems.
• Being LGBT or having variations in the development of
genital organs that aren’t clearly male or female
(intersex) in an unsupportive situation
• Abuse of alcohol or recreational drugs.
COMPLICATIONS
• Excess weight or obesity
• Pain or physical illness
• Alcohol or drug misuse
• Anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia
• family conflict, relationship difficulties, and work or
school problems.
• Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide
• Self mutilation, such as cutting
PREVENTION
• TAKE STEPS TO CONTROL STRESS, to increase your resilience and boost
your self-esteem.

• REACH OUT TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS, Especially in times of crises, to

help you weather rough spells.

• GET TREATMENT AT THE EARLIEST SIGN OF A PROBLEM to help

prevent depression from worsening.

• CONSIDER GETTING LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE TREATMENT to

help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
PHYSIOLOGY
BRAIN FUNCTION
controls our
thoughts, memory
and speech,
movement of the
arms and legs and
the function of many
organs within our
body
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REPORT BY:
ZORINA A. LADJA
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION

REPORT BY:
JERICK Y. PUBLICO
 REPORT BY:
SHAFINA A. MUSA
DIAGNOSTIC PARAMETER

• Physical Exam
• Lab Test
• Psychiatric Evaluation
• DSM-5
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
MEDICATION
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
• Atypical antidepressant
• Tricyclic antidepressant
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Other treatment options:

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

• Transcranial magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
INTERVENTION

REPORT BY:
CARLTSUM ARAKAMA
• Assess individual signs of hopelessness.
• Assess destructive behaviors used to
handle with feelings such as withdrawal,
avoidance, substance abused.
• Allow the patient to express feelings and
perceptions
• Express hope to the patient with realistic
comments about the patient’s strengths
and resources.
• Assist the patient determine aspect of
life that are under his or her control.
• Allow the patient to assume responsibility
for self-care, such as setting realistic goals,
scheduling activities, and making
independent decisions.
• Aid the patient determine aspects of life
events that are not within his or her
ability to control. Discuss feelings related
with this lack of control.
• Encourage the patient to examine
spiritual supports that may provide hope.
• Conduct a suicide assessment to identify
the level of suicide risk.
• Educate the patient about crisis
intervention services such as suicide
hotlines and other resources
• Administer antidepressants as indicated.
REPORT BY:
SHEDHANA
ABBONG
 ASSESSMENT
Risk for self-directed
Objective cues:
• Social isolation
• Suicidal attempt
evidence by suicidal
• Suicidal thoughts
• Verbalize suicidal
• States desire to die
• Self harm
• States to kill self
 
NURSING DIAGNOSIS GOAL OF CARE INTERVENTION EVALUATION
• Identify the level of suicide
violence related to At the end of the precautions needed. If there is a
nursing intervention high-risk, does a hospitalization
Anhedonia, requires? Or if there is a low risk,
the patient will be
helplessness, able to; will the client be safe to go home
hopelessness as • Patient will not
with supervision from a family
member or a friend?
inflict any harm to
• Check for the availability of
behavior  self or others.
required supply of medications
needed.
• Encourage clients to express
feelings (anger, sadness, guilt) and
come up with alternative ways to
handle feelings of anger and
frustration
• Contact the family, arrange for
crisis counseling. Activate links to
self-help groups.
• Implement a written no-suicide
contract.