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ch09 Hypothesis Testing
ch09 Hypothesis Testing
JOHN S. LOUCKS
St. Edward’s University
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Chapter 9
Hypothesis Testing
Tests About a Population Proportion
Hypothesis Testing and Decision Making
Calculating the Probability of Type II Errors
Determining the Sample Size for a Hypothesis Test
about a Population Mean
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Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
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Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
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Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
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Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
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A Summary of Forms for Null and Alternative
Hypotheses about a Population Mean
The equality part of the hypotheses always appears
in the null hypothesis.
In general, a hypothesis test about the value of a
population mean must take one of the following
three forms (where 0 is the hypothesized value of
the population mean).
H0: > 0 H0: < 0 H0: = 0
Ha: < 0 Ha: > 0 H :
a 0
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Example: Metro EMS
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Example: Metro EMS
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Type I and Type II Errors
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Example: Metro EMS
Population Condition
H0 True Ha True
Conclusion ( ) ( )
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The Use of p-Values
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The Steps of Hypothesis Testing
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One-Tailed Tests about a Population Mean:
Large-Sample Case (n > 30)
Hypotheses
H0: or H0:
Ha: Ha:
Test Statistic
Known Unknown
x 0 x 0
z z
/ n s/ n
Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if z > zReject H0 if z < -z
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Example: Metro EMS
Sampling distribution
of x (assuming H0 is
true and = 12) Reject H0
1.645 x
x
12 c
(Critical value)
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Example: Metro EMS
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Example: Metro EMS
Reject H0
z
0 1.645 2.47
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Two-Tailed Tests about a Population Mean:
Large-Sample Case (n > 30)
Hypotheses
H0: =
Ha:
Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if |z| > z
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Example: Glow Toothpaste
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Example: Glow Toothpaste
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Example: Glow Toothpaste
z
-1.96 0 1.96
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Example: Glow Toothpaste
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Confidence Interval Approach to a
Two-Tailed Test about a Population Mean
Select a simple random sample from the population
and use the value of the sample mean x to develop
the confidence interval for the population mean .
If the confidence interval contains the hypothesized
value 0, do not reject H0. Otherwise, reject H0.
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Example: Glow Toothpaste
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Tests about a Population Mean:
Small-Sample Case (n < 30)
Test Statistic Known Unknown
x 0 x 0
t t
/ n s/ n
This test statistic has a t distribution with n - 1
degrees of freedom.
Rejection Rule
One-Tailed Two-Tailed
H0: Reject H0 if t > t
H0: Reject H0 if t < -t
H0: Reject H0 if |t| > t
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p -Values and the t Distribution
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Example: Highway Patrol
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Example: Highway Patrol
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Summary of Test Statistics to be Used in a
Hypothesis Test about a Population Mean
Yes No
n > 30 ?
No
s known ? Popul.
Yes
approx.
Yes normal
Use s to
estimate s No ?
s known ?
No
Yes Use s to
estimate s
x x x x Increase n
z z z t
/ n s/ n / n s/ n to > 30
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A Summary of Forms for Null and Alternative
Hypotheses about a Population Proportion
The equality part of the hypotheses always appears
in the null hypothesis.
In general, a hypothesis test about the value of a
population proportion p must take one of the
following three forms (where p0 is the hypothesized
value of the population proportion).
H0: p > p0 H0: p < p0 H0: p = p0
Ha: p < p0 Ha: p > p0 Ha: p p0
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Tests about a Population Proportion:
Large-Sample Case (np > 5 and n(1 - p) > 5)
Test Statistic p p0
z
p
where: p0 (1 p0 )
p
n
Rejection Rule
One-Tailed Two-Tailed
H0: pp Reject H0 if z > z
H0: pp Reject H0 if z < -z
H0: pp Reject H0 if |z| > z
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Example: NSC
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Example: NSC
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Example: NSC
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Hypothesis Testing and Decision Making
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Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error
in Hypothesis Tests about a Population Mean
1. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Use the level of significance to establish a rejection
rule based on the test statistic.
3. Using the rejection rule, solve for the value of the
sample mean that identifies the rejection region.
4. Use the results from step 3 to state the values of the
sample mean that lead to the acceptance of H0; this
defines the acceptance region.
5. Using the sampling distributionxof for any value of
from the alternative hypothesis, and the acceptance
region from step 4, compute the probability that the
sample mean will be in the acceptance region.
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Example: Metro EMS (revisited)
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Example: Metro EMS (revisited)
12.8323
z
Values of m b / 40
3.2 1-b
14.0 -2.31 .0104 .9896
13.6 -1.52 .0643 .9357
13.2 -0.73 .2327 .7673
12.83 0.00 .5000 .5000
12.8 0.06 .5239 .4761
12.4 0.85 .8023 .1977
12.0001 1.645 .9500 .0500
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Example: Metro EMS (revisited)
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Power of the Test
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Determining the Sample Size
for a Hypothesis Test About a Population Mean
( z z ) 2 2
n
( 0 a ) 2
where
z = z value providing an area of in the tail
z = z value providing an area of in the tail
= population standard deviation
0 = value of the population mean in H0
a = value of the population mean used for the
Type II error
Note: In a two-tailed hypothesis test, use z /2 not z
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Relationship among a, b, and n
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End of Chapter 9
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