MASTERS OF PHILOSOPHICAL

SYSTEMS

PROF. FREDERICK V. RAEL

 17TH TO 18TH CENTURY
THE AGE OF REASON

• “Virtue was equated with the

intellectual culture.”
• The strong belief of using the scientific
method in discovering the truth.
• This intellectual climate was promoted
by Bacon, Hume, Descartes, Machiavelli,
Locke, Hegel and Kant.
 The Cultural / Religious Ideas about the nature of
man and the ideal society.
1. Everything was God’s Will.
2. Man is naturally good.
3. The ideal society is the City of God /
heaven / spiritual world.
4. The Church integrates all human
welfare into the Divine Will.
5. Sacrifice for others is a virtuous act.
6. A religious man is a good man.
 ADAM SMITH
• (FOUNDER OF CAPITALISM )
• Economics, Political Science,
Sociology, Philosophy , Business
 Basic Principles
• Man is naturally rational, free and self-interested.
• It is moral for a man to be greedy.
• The ideal society is the Capitalist Society where
self-interest (the invisible hand) regulates all
human activities.
• Self interest is the foundation of all social
interaction.
• “Christians are not good capitalists.”
 CHARLES DARWIN
• (THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES)
• Biology, Zoology,
Botany,
Anthropology,
Philosophy
 BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Everything evolved from simple cell to complex
creatures.
• Principle of Natural Selection
• Accidental changes
• Ape to homo sapiens to modern man
• Humans and apes came from the same species.
• Men are like any other beasts who fight for
survival.
• Survival of the fittest.
 KARL MARX
• (THE FOUNDER
OF COMMUNISM)
• Economics,
Political Science,
Sociology,
Philosophy
 BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Man is a material being.
• Our consciousness is influenced by our material
condition.
• The state must force the people to share their
wealth according to their own needs and
abilities.”
• The history of society is a struggle between the
exploiters and the exploited.
• Ruling class versus the oppressed
• Communism is a classless society which is the
ideal society.
 SIGMUND FREUD
• (PSYCHOANALYSIS)
• Philosophy,
Psychology and
Psychiatry
 BASIC PRINCIPLES
• Man is neither good nor evil.
• Man has three components ( the ID, Ego and Superego)
• The unconscious motives are more influential than the
conscious ones.
• We hide our fears, frustrations, sexual desires, and other
unwanted feelings within our subconscious mind.
• Our true self can be found in the subconscious mind.
• Sexuality is not immoral but an expression of our true nature.
• Other Contributions: Slip of the tongue, fast talk, dream
interpretation, defense mechanisms