Confined Space Entry Inspection

Course Outline
Confined Space Definition
Confined Space Standard
Typical Confined Spaces
How to Identify Confined Spaces
Potential Hazards in Confined Spaces
Permit-Required in Confined Space
Confined Space Entry Procedure
Isolation of Confined Space from all hazards
Confined Space Tailboard Briefing
Review PPE Requirement
 Introduction
Entering and working in confined spaces has been
and will continue to be an integral part of daily activity
by employees. This COURSE has been developed to
ensure the safety of personnel required to enter and
conduct work in confined spaces. The program
contained herein describes reasonable and necessary
policies and procedures for any and all facilities,
departments, and individuals who are associated with
confined space entry operations. This program and all
parts of 29 CFR 1910.146 shall apply to all confined
space entry operations conducted at WORKPLACES.
 COURSE GOALS
The outcome of this course to raise the awareness level
of attendees regarding practices intended to protect
workers from the hazards of working in a confined space.
This will be accomplished through the use of discussion,
activities and resources including the OSHA Confined
Space Rule applicable to General Industry and
Construction.
Our real goal is to save lives—maybe a co-worker or an
employee. We have all heard of fatalities related to
confined space work that included the people who
originally entered the space and also the person or
persons who tried to rescue them. It is because of this
grim reality that OSHA has developed the Confined
Space Rules.
 Course Objectives
The aim of this course is to provide the knowledge and skills
necessary to facilitate :

 Firm understanding of the current legislation regarding confined

space and safe work in a confined space.
 Being able to identify the types of confined spaces and their
hazards and the ability to enter a confined space.
 Apply the safe and correct procedures for entry into, working
within, and the emergency procedure for confined space
operations.
 Identify the general requirements for personal protective
equipment.
 Describe the requirements for eye, respiratory, hand, head, and
foot protection.
1. Confined Space Definitions
 What is a confined space?
Generally speaking, a confined space is an
enclosed or partially enclosed space that:
is not primarily designed or intended for
human occupancy
has a restricted entrance or exit by way of
location, size or means
 What is a confined space?
Can represent a risk for the for the health and safety
of anyone who enters, due to one or more of the
following factors:
its design, construction, location or atmosphere
the materials or substances in it
work activities being carried out in it, or the
mechanical, process and safety hazards present
 Confined Space Definition
"Confined space" means a space that:
 Is large enough to enter and perform
work,
 Has limited or restricted means for
entry or exit,
 Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy,

Ref: OSHA 1910.146(b)

 Permit Required Confined Space
By definition Permit-required confined space (permit
space)" is a space that meets the criteria of a confined
space that has one or more of the
following characteristics:
a. Contains or has a known potential to
contain a hazardous atmosphere; or
b. Contains a material with the potential for
engulfment of the entrant; or
Ref: 1910.146(b)
Permit Required Confined Space (Contd.)
c. Has an internal configuration
such that an entrant could be
trapped or asphyxiated by
inwardly
converging walls or a
floor which slopes downward
and tapers to a smaller cross-section;
d. Contains any other recognized
safety or health hazard

Ref:1910.146(b)
 Engulfment
The surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or

finely divided (flow able) solid substance:

That can be aspirated to cause death by
filling or plugging the respiratory system or
That can exert enough force on the body

to cause death by strangulation,

constriction, or crushing
 Entry
The action by which a person passes
through an opening into a
permit-required confined space
Entry includes ensuing work activities
in that space and is considered to have occurred
as soon as any part of the entrant's body breaks
the plane of an opening into the space
 Acceptable entry conditions
Conditions that must exist in a permit space
to allow entry and to ensure that employees
involved with a permit-required confined
space entry can safely enter into and work
within the space.
 Entry permit (permit)
The written or printed document that is provided by the
employer to allow and control entry into a permit space
Contains the information specified in paragraph (f) of
this section
Entry
Permit
 Entry supervisor*
 The person (such as the employer, foreman, or crew
chief) responsible for:
Determining if acceptable entry conditions are

present at a permit space where entry is planned,

 Entry supervisor*
Authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations,

and
Terminating entry

*NOTE: An entry supervisor also may serve as

an attendant or as an authorized entrant, as
long as that person is trained and equipped as
required for each role he or she fills.
 Hazardous Atmosphere
An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of
incapacitation from one or more of the following causes:
Flammable substances in excess of 10 percent of its lower
flammable limit (LFL);
Airborne combustible dust;
Oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent
or above 23.5 percent;
Toxic substances (i.e. CO)
Any other atmospheric condition that is
immediately dangerous to life or health
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health
Continued
Poses an immediate or delayed threat to life, OR…
Causes irreversible adverse health effects, OR…
Interferes with ability to escape unaided from a
permit space
May be used to determine need for PPE
MSDS’s
If conditions meet or exceed IDLH values,
implement PPE
 Hot work permit
“Hot work permit” means the employer’s
written authorization to perform operations (For
example: riveting, welding, cutting, burning,
and heating) capable of providing a source of
ignition.
 Testing*
The process by which the atmospheric
hazards that may confront entrants of
a permit space are identified and
evaluated
Testing includes specifying the tests
that are to be performed in the permit space.
*NOTE: Testing enables employers both to:
• Devise and implement adequate control measures for the
protection of authorized entrants
• Determine if acceptable entry conditions are present immediately
prior to, and during, entry.
 Inerting
“Inerting” means the displacement of the
atmosphere in a permit space by a
noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to
such an extent that the resulting
atmosphere is noncombustible.

NOTE: This procedure produces an IDLH

oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
 Permit Space Program
"Permit-required confined space program
(Permit Space Program)" means the
employer's overall program for controlling,
and, where appropriate, for protecting
employees from, permit space hazards and
for regulating employee entry into permit
spaces.
 Permit System
"Permit system" means the employer's
written procedure for preparing and issuing
permits for entry and for returning the permit
space to service following termination of
entry.
 Prohibited condition
"Prohibited condition" means any
condition in a permit space that is not
allowed by the permit during the period
when entry is authorized.
 Rescue service
"Rescue service" means the personnel
designated to rescue employees from permit
spaces.
NOTE: Rescue personnel may be industry
emergency personnel, an outside rescue
service or a combination of teams.
 Retrieval system
Equipment (including a retrieval line, chest or
full-body harness, wristlets, if appropriate,
and a lifting device or anchor) used for non-
entry rescue of persons from permit spaces.
 QUALIFIED PERSON

Designated by the employer in writing, as

CAPABLE (by education, training, or both) of:

Anticipating, recognizing, and evaluating employee

exposure to hazardous substances or other unsafe
conditions in a confined space; AND of

Specifying necessary control and/or protective action to

ensure employee safety
 Abbreviations Used
The following abbreviations are used:

• AGT - Authorized Gas Tester

• CH4 - Methane
(a flammable hydrocarbon gas)
• H2S - Hydrogen Sulphide (a toxic gas)
• LEL - Lower Explosive Limit
• UEL - Upper Explosive Limit
• PPM - Parts Per Million.
• IDLH - Immediately dangerous to Life & Health
2. Confined Space Standard
 Confined Space Entry

 Construction Industry Standard 1926.21(b)(6)

 General Industry Standard 1910.146

 Best Practices for all Industries

 29 CFR 1910.146
Permit Required Confined Spaces
Scope and Application Training
Definitions Duties of Authorized
General Requirements Entrants
(to include development
Duties of Attendants
of written plan)
Permit-Required Duties of Entry
Confined Spaces Supervisors
Permit System Rescue and
Entry Permit Emergency Services
Employee
Participation
Appendices
Appendix A - Permit-required Confined Space
Decision Flow Chart
Appendix B - Procedures for Atmospheric Testing.
Appendix C - Examples of Permit-required
Confined Space Programs
Appendix D - Confined Space Pre-Entry Check List
Appendix E - Sewer System Entry
Appendix F - Rescue Team or Rescue Service
Evaluation Criteria
Construction Industry Standard
All employees required to enter into confined or
enclosed spaces shall be instructed as to the
nature of the hazards involved, the necessary
precautions to be taken, and in the use of
protective and emergency equipment required.

The employer shall comply with any specific

regulations that apply to work in dangerous or
potentially dangerous areas.
OSHA’s Confined Space standard
• OSHA’s Confined Space standard
(29 CFR 1910.146) contains
requirement for employees
protection
• Employers to evaluate work place
• Inform workplace hazards
• Use signage
 OSHA confined space standard
The OSHA confined space standard (29 CFR 1910.146)
mandates that entry permits be required before
employees are allowed to enter a potentially hazardous
confined space.
Before the permit is issued a supervisor, safety or health
professional, should do the following: shut down
equipment/power (locked/tagged), test the atmosphere
(19.5 to 23.5% oxygen), ventilate the space, have rescue
personnel stand by, maintain communication, and use a
lifeline (can pull an unconscious employee out of a
confined space).
 1910.146(a) Scope
Requirements for practices and procedures to protect
employees in general industry from the hazards of entry into
permit-required confined spaces
Does not apply to:
Agriculture,

Construction,

Shipyard employment
1910.146(c)(2) General Requirements
Evaluate the workplace to determine if any spaces are
permit-required confined spaces

If the workplace contains permit spaces, inform

employees by posting danger signs* of the location
and danger posed by the permit spaces
Or by other equally effective means
(i.e. training affected employees)
*NOTE: A sign reading DANGER -- PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED
SPACE, DO NOT ENTER or using other similar language would satisfy
the requirement for a sign.
1910.146(c)(2) General Requirements
If the employer decides that its employees will enter
permit spaces, must develop and implement a written
permit space program
The written program
available for inspection
by employees and their
authorized representatives
1910.146(c)(2) General Requirements
An employer may use alternate procedures for entering a permit
space, provided that:
The only hazard posed by the permit space is an actual or potential
hazardous atmosphere;
Continuous forced air ventilation alone is sufficient to maintain that
permit space safe for entry;
The employer develops monitoring and inspection data that supports
the above two points, documents the supporting data, and makes
it available to each employee who enters the permit space
Then the employer does not need a permit, an attendant, rescue or
emergency equipment
 1910.146(c)(5)(ii)(A) Entry into Permit
Spaces

Any conditions making it unsafe to remove an

entrance cover must be eliminated before the cover is

removed
 1910.146(c)(5)(ii)(B) Entry into Permit
Spaces
When entrance covers are removed, the opening
shall be promptly guarded by a:
Railing,
Temporary cover, or
Other temporary barrier that will:
Prevent an accidental fall through the opening and
That will protect each employee working in the space from
foreign objects entering the space.
 1910.146(c)(5)(ii)(C) Entry into Permit
Spaces
Before an employee enters the space, the internal
atmosphere shall be tested, with a calibrated
direct-reading instrument, for the following
conditions in the order given:
• Oxygen content,
• Flammable gases and vapors,
• Potential toxic air contaminants
 Continuous forced air ventilation
An employee may not enter the space until the forced
air ventilation has eliminated any hazardous
atmosphere;
The forced air ventilation shall be so directed as to
ventilate the immediate areas where an employee is or
will be present within the space and
Shall continue until all employees have left the space;
 1910.146(c)(5)(ii)(G) Hazardous
atmosphere is detected during entry:
Each employee must leave the space
immediately;
The space evaluated to determine how
the hazardous atmosphere developed;
Measures implemented to protect
employees from the hazardous
atmosphere before reentry
 1910.146(c)(5)(ii)(H)
Verify that the pre-entry measures have been taken,
through a written certification that contains:
-The date,
-The location of the space, and;
-The signature of the person providing the
certification
Certification made before entry
Made available to each employee entering the space
 1910.146 (c)(7)(i) Reclassification
of a permit space
If the permit space poses no actual or potential atmospheric
hazards and if all hazards within the space are eliminated
without entry into the space, the permit space may be
reclassified as a non-permit confined space for as long as the
non-atmospheric hazards remain eliminated.
Employer certification of the elimination of the hazards required
 1910.146(c)(8) Contractors
Host employers must inform
contractors:
Apprise the contractor of the
hazards identified
Apprise the contractor of any
precautions or procedures
Coordinate entry operations with
the contractor
1910.146(d) Permit program requirements
 Develop and implement procedures:
Acceptable entry conditions;
Isolating the permit space;
Purging, inerting, flushing, or ventilating the permit space as
necessary
Providing pedestrian, vehicle, or other barriers
1910.146(d) Permit program requirements
Provide the following equipment at no cost to
employees:
Testing and monitoring equipment
Ventilating equipment
Communications equipment
Personal protective equipment
Lighting equipment
Barriers and shields
Equipment, needed for safe egress
Rescue and emergency equipment
1910.146(d) Permit program requirements
Provide at least one attendant outside the permit space into
which entry is authorized for the duration of entry operations;
1910.146(d) Permit program requirements
Designate the persons who are to

have active roles:

Authorized entrants,

Attendants, entry supervisors,

Persons who test or monitor the atmosphere

Identify the duties of each such employee, and provide

each such employee with the training required by
paragraph (g)
1910.146(d) Permit program requirements
Develop and implement procedures for

summoning rescue and emergency services,

For rescuing entrants from permit spaces,
For providing necessary emergency services to
rescued employees, and;
For preventing unauthorized personnel from
attempting a rescue;
 1910.146(e) Permit System
Before entry is authorized, the employer must prepare an entry
permit
Appendix D to section 1910.146
presents examples of permits
Entry Permit
 1910.146(e) Permit System
Before entry begins, the entry supervisor identified on the permit

shall sign the entry permit to authorize entry

The completed permit shall be made available at the time of

entry to all authorized entrants, by posting it at the entry portal,

so that the entrants can confirm that pre-entry preparations
have been completed
 1910.146(f) Entry permit

The entry permit that documents compliance with this section

and authorizes entry to a permit space shall identify:
The permit space to be entered;
The purpose of the entry;
The date and the authorized duration of the entry permit;
The authorized entrants by name
Attendant(s), by name
Entry supervisor(s), by name
 1910.146(e) Permit System
The entry permit that documents compliance with this
section and authorizes entry to a permit space shall
identify:
The hazards of the permit space to be entered;
Measures used to isolate and control hazards
before entry into permit space*
Acceptable entry conditions;

*Can include the lockout or tagging of equipment and

procedures for purging, inerting, ventilating, etc...
 1910.146(e) Permit System
The entry permit that documents compliance with this
section and authorizes entry to a permit space shall
identify:
Results of initial and periodic tests
Rescue and emergency services
Communication procedure for entrants & attendants
Equipment, such as personal protective equipment,
testing equipment, communications equipment,
alarm systems, and rescue equipment, to be
provided
 1910.146(g) Training
Training shall be provided to
each affected employee: Permit Entry:
• Hazards
Before the employee is first • Equipment
• Skills
assigned duties under this
section;
Before there is a change in

assigned duties;
 1910.146(g) Training
Employer must certify that the training has been accomplished
Certification contains:
Each employee's name,
The signatures or initials of the trainers,
and
p ace
The dates of training
ed S
fin

Certification available for inspection by employees and their

authorized representatives
 1910.146(h) Authorized entrants
The employer shall ensure that all authorized entrants:
Know the hazards of the space;

Properly use equipment as required;

Communicate with the attendant as

necessary
Recognize any warning sign or symptom of exposure to

danger or prohibited conditions

Evacuate the space if a danger arises
 1910.146(i) Authorized attendants
The employer shall ensure that each attendant:
Knows the hazards of the space;
Is aware of symptoms of overexposure
Maintains count and identity of entrants
Remains outside the space and communicates with the
entrants as necessary
Summon rescue or emergency services as soon as the
attendant determines that authorized entrants need rescue
 1910.146(j) Duties of entry supervisors
Knows the hazards of the space
Verifies, by checking that the appropriate entries have been
made on the permit, that:
All tests specified by the permit have been conducted and
That all procedures and equipment specified by the permit
are in place before endorsing the permit and allowing entry to
begin;
 1910.146(k) Rescue and emergency
services
Each member of the rescue service is provided with, trained to
use:
Personal protective equipment, and;
Rescue equipment necessary for making rescues from permit
spaces
1910.146(k) Rescue and emergency
services
Each member of the rescue service shall practice making permit
space rescues at least once every 12 months, by means of
simulated rescue operations in which they:
Remove dummies, mannequins, or actual
persons
From the actual permit spaces or

from representative permit spaces

 1910.146(k) Rescue and emergency
services
 Each member of the rescue service shall be trained in basic
first-aid and in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
At least one member of the rescue service holding current
certification in first aid and in CPR shall be available
 1910.146(k)(3) Retrieval Systems
To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval systems or
methods shall be used whenever an authorized entrant
enters a permit space, unless the retrieval equipment
would increase the overall risk
of entry or would not
contribute to the rescue of the entrant
 Typical Confined Spaces
 Boiler, Furnace
 Pipeline, Pit, Pumping Station
 Reaction or Process Vessel,
 Septic Tank, Sewage Digester
 Silo, Storage Tank, Barges
 Sewer, Utility Vault, Manhole
 Trenches, Shafts, Caissons
EXAMPLES OF CONFINED SPACES:
Tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers,
vaults, pump stations, scale pits, crawl spaces,
tunnels…
Confined Spaces Examples
 Tanks
Examples of confined spaces:
 Manure pits (e.g.. Mushroom barn)
 Storage bins
 Boilers
 Double hulls
 Vats
 Pumping stations
 Kilns
 Pits, sumps
 Vaults
 Vessels
 Silos
 Manholes
 Pipelines
 Water reservoirs
 Sewers, Other similar spaces
 Silos
Industrial or Agricultural

72
Manholes, Sanitary
or Storm

73
 Rail Cars
Liquid Tank or Dry Bulk

74
BOILER TANKS…
PIPE CHASES…
CRAWL SPACES…
MANHOLES…
PITS...
Industrial Storage Tanks

80
Confined Spaces Examples
Confined Spaces Examples
4. How to identify a Confined Space
TYPES OF CONFINED SPACE…
Non-Permitted
… does NOT contain physical, chemical
or atmospheric hazards capable of causing
death or serious physical harm
Permitted
… DOES contain physical, chemical or
atmospheric hazards capable of causing
death or serious physical harm
 Categorizing Work Space
* Space large enough to enter &;
* Limited or Restricted entry or exit &; NO
Not a confined Space
* Not designed for continuous worker
occupancy.
YES Confined Space

Hazardous Atmosphere
Permit- Or Non
Engulfment Hazard
Or
Required YES Configuration Hazard NO Permit
Or
Any other recognized
Confined Required
serious hazard

Space Space
Basic Characteristics of Confined
Spaces
Regulations do not cover spaces that are too
small for complete bodily entry:
Regulations only address confined spaces that are
large enough for the entire body of an employee to
enter.
Entry is considered to have occurred when any
part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of the
entry portal.

86
Characteristics of Confined Spaces
Internal configuration:
(a) Open: no obstacles, barriers, or obstructions within the
space. One example is a water tank.
(b) Obstructed : the permit space contains some type of
obstruction that a rescuer would need to maneuver around. An
example would be a baffle or mixing blade. Large equipment,
such as a ladder or scaffold, brought into a space for work
purposes would be considered an obstruction if the positioning
or size of the equipment would make rescue more difficult.


Characteristics of Confined Spaces
 Elevation
(a) Elevated : a permit space where the entrance portal
or opening is above grade by 4 feet or more. This type
of space usually requires knowledge of high angle
rescue procedures because of the difficulty in
packaging and transporting a patient to the ground from
the portal.
(b) Non-elevated : a permit space with the entrance
portal located less than 4 feet above grade. This type of
space will allow the rescue team to transport an injured
employee normally.
Characteristics of Confined Spaces
Portal size:
(a) Restricted: A portal of 24 inches or less in the
least dimension. Portals of this size are too small to
allow a rescuer to simply enter the space while
using SCBA. The portal size is also too small to
allow normal spinal immobilization of an injured
employee.
(b) Unrestricted: A portal of greater than 24 inches
in the least dimension. These portals allow relatively
free movement into and out of the permit space.
Characteristics of Confined Spaces
Space access:
(a) Horizontal: The portal is located on the side of the
permit space. Use of retrieval lines could be difficult.
(b) Vertical: The portal is located on the top of the
permit space, so that rescuers must climb down, or
the bottom of the permit space, so that rescuers must
climb up to enter the space. Vertical portals may
require knowledge of rope techniques, or special
patient packaging to safely retrieve a downed entrant.
 Not Designed for Continuous
Worker Occupancy
 Most confined spaces are not designed to enter
and work in on a regular basis.
 Designed to store a product.
 Enclose materials or processes.
 Transport products or substances.
 Occasional worker entry for inspection, repair,
cleanup, maintenance, etc.
Limited Openings for Entry/Exit
 Openings as small as 18 inches in diameter.
 Difficult to enter with SCBA or other life-saving
equipment.
 Difficult to remove downed worker in folded up or
bent over position.
 Exit from large openings may be difficult due to
presence of ladders, hoists, etc.
 Unfavorable Natural Ventilation
 Lack of air movement in and out of the space can
create an atmosphere much different than the
outside atmosphere.
 Deadly gases can be trapped inside.
 Organic materials can decompose.
 May not be enough oxygen due to presence of
other gases or chemical reactions such as rusting.
 Confined Space Classification
Class A Class B Class C
Characteristics Immediately dangerous to Dangerous but not Potential Hazard
life immediately life
threatening
Oxygen 16% or less or greater than 16.1% to 19.4% or 19.5% to 24%
25% 21.5% to 25%
Flammability 20% or greater of lower 10% to 19% of lower 10% of lower
flammability limit flammability limit flammability limit or
less

Toxicity IDLH* Greater than Less than

contamination level contamination level
referenced in29CFR referenced in 29 CFR
Part 1910 sub part Z Part 1910 sub part Z
(IDLH)

• *Immediately dangerous to Life and Health

• Sea Level Standard Atmosphere pressure 760mmHg
• The classification of ANY confined space SHALL be determined
ONLY BY Trained and Authorized persons
Non Permit Required Confined Space
Confined Space Form
This form applies to spaces that are regarded as a
non-permit required confined spaces (NPRCS). It
must have been established that there are no existing
hazards associated with this confined space and that
the planned work will not introduce any. The form
must be completed before anyone enters the space. If
entry conditions do not meet these requirements a
Permit Required Confined Space Entry Procedure
form must be written or completed.
Non Permit Required Confined Space
OSHA provides a definition for a non-permit
confined space under 1910.146(b).
"Non-permit confined space" means a confined
space that does not contain or, with respect to
atmospheric hazards, have the potential to
contain any hazard capable of causing death or
serious physical harm.
Non Permit Required Confined Space
Confined Space Form
This form applies to spaces that are regarded as a non-permit required confined spaces
(NPRCS). It
must have been established that there are no existing hazards associated with this confined
space
and that the planned work will not introduce any. The form must be completed before anyone
enters
the space and it must be submitted to the Facility Operations Department. If entry conditions do
not
meet these requirements a Permit Required Confined Space Entry Procedure form must be
written or
completed.
OSHA provides a definition for a non-permit confined space under 1910.146(b).
"Non-permit confined space" means a confined space that does not contain or, with respect to
atmospheric hazards, have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or
serious
physical harm.
Non Permit Required Confined Space
Minimum conditions for entry
 Upon removal of the covering, the entrance is guarded by a
railing or temporary cover/
barrier to prevent an accidental fall through the opening.
 All hazards (e.g., lockout/tag out) can be eliminated without entry.
 Before entry is permitted into the space, atmospheric testing
must be completed. Testing
must occur in the approved order in 1910.146(c)(5)(ii)(C) for
oxygen content, flammable gases
and vapors, and potential toxic air contaminants. Other appropriate
tests shall be completed
and must meet the following conditions:
Non Permit Required Confined Space
 If conditions are not met, entry is prohibited. If occupied, the space
must be immediately evacuated.
 Oxygen Minimum 19.5% and Maximum 23.5%
 No engulfment hazards may be present
 Flammable gases Not greater than 10%
 LFL Hazardous flows Secured and locked out
 Hydrogen sulfide Not greater than 10 ppm
 Hazardous energies Secured and locked out
 Carbon monoxide Not greater than 50 ppm
 External hazards Must be controlled
 Other toxic substances Not greater than PEL for substances
If the above conditions are not met, forced air ventilation may be used
to eliminate the hazardous condition/s. Entry into the space must not
occur during this period. If forced air ventilation alone can control all
hazards the additional requirements under 1910.146(c)(5) must be
followed.
5. Potential Hazards in Confined Spaces
 Hazard Assessment
Employer shall assess the workplace to
determine if hazards are present that require
the use of PPE.
Communicate presence of hazards to
employees.
Select the appropriate PPE – must fit each
employee.
 CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS
PRCS Fatalities

47% Air (Oxygen, Gases, Vapors)

21% Drowning (Engulfment)
19% Toxic (Liquids, Vapors, etc above PEL
10% Blunt Force Trauma
2% Electrocution (Mostly due to objects the
victim took in with them)
1% Burns PRCS Fatalities
 How Hazards Occur
1. Previously stored
products/chemicals
2. Manufacturing processes
3. Operations/work being performed
4. Adjacent areas
Typical Hazards in Confined Spaces
A. Atmospheric Hazards
1. Oxygen Deficiency
2. Combustible
3. Flammable
4. Explosive
5. Toxic Gases / Vapors / Dust / Mists
B. Physical Hazards in confined spaces
1. Unguarded Machine Parts
2. Thermal Hazards
3. Exposed Electrical Circuits
4. Slip/Fall Hazards
5. Engulfment
6. Entrapment
 Typical Hazards in Confined Spaces
(Contd.)
7. Hazardous Chemicals (Corrosive/irritant)
8. Biological Agents
9. Noise
10. Vibration
11. Electrical
C. Other Possible Hazards in Confined Spaces
1. Psychological
2. Rodents / Snakes / Spiders
3. Poor Lighting
4. Wind
5. Weather/Flooding
 Toxic Atmospheres
Substances may include:
Solid
Liquids Vapors Gases Mists Materials
& Dusts

Products May Include:

Chemical Waste
Sludge Residues Materials

Task Created Toxic Atmosphere

Using Cutting Painting
Degreasing Operations Operations
Solvents
Various Cleaning Solvents
used in a Cleaning Operation
IMPOR TANT T O REMEMBER
Don't Forget that:

Gas Lines pass thorough

Steam Lines Pass Thorough

Sew er Lines Pass Thorough

CHAP 2-1 5
 Atmospheric Hazards
Vapor Density The weight of a
flammable vapor compared to air (Air=1).
Vapors with a high density are more dangerous
and require better ventilation because they
tend to flow along the floor and collect in low
spots.
 Hazardous Atmosphere
 An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation,
impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit
space)injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:
 Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit
(LFL);
 Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;
 NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust
obscures vision at a distance of 5 feet or less.

 Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent;

 Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible
exposure limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental
Control, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substance , of this Part which could
result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit.

 Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life and health.
 Common Hazards
Atmospheric
Lack of Oxygen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
Methane
Flammable/Explosive
 Oxygen

Normal Air - 21%

Enriched Air - 23.5%

Deficient Air - 19.5%

Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres
19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level.

15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.

Impair coordination. Early symptoms.

12-14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment.

10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue.

8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea

Unconsciousness. Vomiting.
6-8% 8 minutes - fatal, 6 minutes - 50% fatal
4-5 minutes - possible recovery.
4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death
Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
 Oxygen level above 21%.
 Causes flammable and combustible materials to
burn violently when ignited.
 Hair, clothing, materials, etc.
 Oil soaked clothing and materials.
 Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
 Never store or place compressed tanks in a
confined space.
Flammable Hazards
FLAMMABLE
ATMOSPHERES
AIR
The Ignition Triangle

Flammable
Atmosphere

GAS,VAPOR SOURCE OF
OR DUST IGNITION

CHAP 2-6
 Flammable Atmospheres
 Critical Factors:
Oxygen content in the air.
Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor
Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less)
 Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion
 Typical Ignition Sources:
Sparking or electric tool.
Welding / cutting operations.
Smoking
Flammable/Explosive Atmospheres
BE CAREFUL
If insufficient oxygen, most meters won’t
work
Can “poison” meter if high concentration
Even if <10 % of LEL, can be toxic
Meter monitors a small area
Proceed Slowly
Ignition Sources?????
 Explosive Limits

All combustible gases and vapours have an

‘’explosive limit’’, between which the gas or
vapour, mixed with air, is capable of sustaining
the spread of flame.

These can be referred to as the

‘explosive’ or ‘flammable’ limits.
 100 IMPORTANT!
Upper
Too Rich
Too much gas (not enough oxygen to support
Explosive
combustion)
15
Limit (UEL)

%
Methane
(CH4) In Explosive Range (for Methane)
Air

5
Lower
Explosive
Limit (LEL)
Not enough gas (to create an explosion)
0
The lower explosive limit (LEL) refers to the lowest
concentration of a gas in the atmosphere which results in a
combustible mixture. For example, the LEL of Methane in Air is
5% by volume.

This means that if there is less than 5% by volume of

Methane in air the mixture is too lean to support
combustion.

When Methane Gas Test equipment indicates 100% LEL, there

is 5% by volume of Methane in the test atmosphere.
The Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) refers to the highest
concentration of a gas in the atmosphere which results in a
combustible mixture.

For example, the UEL of Methane in air is 15% by volume,

which means that if there is more than 15% of Methane in the
air by volume the mixture is too rich to support combustion.
THINK!
UEL
If an atmosphere exceeds the UEL, then
as the gas slowly disperses, it will have to
pass through its ‘explosive range’ before it
gets to its LEL.
This is a very the dangerous time!
 Other examples of LEL & UEL
SUBSTANCE LEL (Vol%) UEL (Vol%)
ACETONE 2.15 13
ACETYLENE 2.4 88
BUTANE 1.5 8.5
ETHANE 3 15.5
ETHYLENE 2.7 34
HEXANE 1.2 7.4
HYDROGEN 4 75.6
METHANE 5 15
PROPANE 2 9.5
Note that meters must be calibrated for each individual gas
 For most practical Gas Testing purposes
it is the LEL which is significant.
The AGT is responsible for recording the percentage
of LEL for the specific flammable gas being tested on
the permit.
 Toxic Atmospheres
 Product stored in a confined space:
Gases released when cleaning.
Materials absorbed into walls of confined space.

Decomposition of materials in the confined

space.
 Work performed in a confined space:
Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering.

Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing.

Sealing, bonding, melting.

 Areas adjacent to a confined space.

 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Colorless, odorless gas
Slightly lighter than air
Vapor Density (0.97)
Chemical asphyxiant
Primary source: incomplete combustion of
organic material
Gasoline-fueled combustion engines
 Carbon Monoxide (CO) (cont’d)
PEL = 50 ppm
TLV/TWA = 25 ppm
TLV/REL = 35 ppm
TLV/STEL = 200 ppm
IDLH = 1,500 ppm
BEI: 3.5% COHb; 20 ppm (end-exhaled air)
LEL = 12.5%; UEL = 74.2%
 Carbon Monoxide
• Toxic, Odorless, Colorless Gas, Combustion By-Product
• 50 ppm - PEL (25 ppm - TLV)
• 6400 ppm - Unconscious in 10-15 minute
• 12,800 ppm - Death in 3 minutes

• Quickly collapse at high concentrations, possible death

 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
Sewer gas, stink gas (rotten eggs)
Produce olfactory fatigue (loss of sense of
smell)
Odor threshold: 0.02-0.2 ppm
Colorless, flammable gas
LEL = 4.3% UEL = 46.0%
Heavier than air
Vapor density (1.18)
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) (cont’d)
PEL = 20 ppm 50 ppm-Peak (10 min once)
TLV/TWA = 10 ppm
TLV/STEL = 15 ppm
REL = 10 ppm (10 min)
IDLH = 300 ppm
 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Properties
What is H2S?
Highly poisonous, highly toxic, flammable and corrosive gas
In high concentration, H2S can kill within minutes
Main Characteristics of H2S:

• Potentially lethal.
• Colourless.
• Heavier than air.
• Readily dispersed by wind or air currents.
• Flammable - burns with a blue flame.
• Odour of rotten eggs (below concentration of 100ppm).
• Highly corrosive to certain materials (e.g. steel).
Properties of H2S
Properties Description

Physical state . Normally encountered in gas state

Color • A colorless (transparent and invisible) gas

• No visible warning on its presence

Odor • Smells like “rotten eggs” at low concentrations.

• No smell in high concentrations because it paralyses
• the sense of smell immediately

Flammability • Burns with a blue flame, producing

Sulphur dioxide (SO2), which is also a toxic gas
Properties of H2S
Properties Description
• Heavier than air specific gravity: 1.189 and tends to
Vapor density settle in low-lying area
• Dispersible by wind movement or air currents

Solubility • Dissolves in water, oil, sludge, emulsions, well fluids

• and molten sulphur.
• H2S may be released when liquids are disturbed

Corrosive • Causes corrosion

 Measurement of H2S
• Two different scales to measure H2S concentrations :

a) Parts per million (PPM) scale

b) Percent (%) scale
• 1% is equal to 10,000 PPM
• PPM is used when we deal with the effects of H2S on human

body

The established immediate danger to life and death

(IDLH) level for H2S is 100ppm

134
 H2S is Dangerous
 Fire & Explosion Hazards
 Explosive in a wide range of concentrations: 4.3% to 46 %
 Auto ignition temperature is low 260°C

 Extinguishing media: CO2, Dry powder

 H2S is Toxic;H2S Toxicity is high

 As lethal as Hydrogen Cyanide

 Paralyses breathing (just one breath at 1000 ppm).
 Can kill in minutes
 Requires special procedures:
a) Detection

b) Escape equipment
c) Use of Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

 Toxic effects increase with concentration and time 135

 H2S Toxicity Levels
H2S Exposure Possible Health Effects
1 ppm • Odor of rotten eggs.
10 ppm • Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for 8 hours continuous
work
20 ppm • Ceiling Occupational Exposure Limit
• No worker should be exposed to20ppm at any time
100 ppm • Sense of smell killed within 3-5 minutes
• Eyes ,throat ,skin irritation, headache, upset stomach,
pulse rate increases

200 ppm • Kills sense of smell, eyes & throat burning

500 ppm • Rapid unconsciousness, breathing stops
• Rescue required
1,000 ppm • Immediate unconsciousness, imminent death.
• Resuscitation required

136
The way in which H2S affects you depends on the length of time
the individual is exposed, and on the concentration

Long-term exposure limit. (LTEL)

(over an 8 hour reference period) of 10ppm.

Short-term exposure limit. (STEL)

(over a 10 minute reference period) of
15ppm.
 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
• SO2 is not combustible but is hazardous to health.
• Low level alarm 2ppm
• High level alarm 5ppm
Precautions:
If SO2 is detected - vacate the area.
 Methane
Odorless and Colorless
PEL - None
No Physiological action (under study)
Lowers partial pressure (ergo less oxygen)
Explosive
Low Density.
 MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS OF TOXIC GAS (PPM) FOR ENTRY

Entry Entry With

without Suitable No Entry Purge
Gas
Breathing Breathing and Reset
Apparatus Apparatus

Hydrogen Sulphide < 1 PPM 1 to 20 PPM > 20 PPM

(H2S)
Carbon Monoxide (CO) < 1 PPM 1 to 250 PPM > 250 PPM
 Mechanical Hazards
Electrical, augers, backhoes, welding equipment
Difficulty with isolation - the process where the space
is removed from service by
Lock out and Tag out procedures-preferably at
disconnect switches remote from the equipment

141
 Mechanical Hazards (cont)
Removing belt and chain drives, mechanical linkages
when possible
A computer from a remote location can turn on
equipment or release a product
Blanking and bleeding - pneumatic and hydraulic lines
Securing - mechanical moving parts within a confined
space with chains, bars, chocks, blocks and other
devices
Double block and bleed

142
 Temperature Extremes
 Extremely hot or cold temperatures.
 Steam cleaning of confined spaces.
 Humidity factors.
 Extremely cold liquids.
 Work processes inside the confined space can
increase temperature extremes.
 Personal protective equipment.
 Noise Hazards
Distraction
Physical damage to ear
Interference with communications
Stress
 Engulfment Hazards
 Loose, granular materials stored in bins and
hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc.
 Crusting and bridging below a worker.
 Flooding of confined space.
 Water or sewage flow.
 Configuration Hazards
 Noise
Amplified due to acoustics within the space.
Damaged hearing, affect communication.

 Slick / Wet Surfaces

Slips and falls.

Increased chance of electric shock.

 Falling Objects
Topside openings expose workers inside

confined space to falling objects.

 Psychological Hazards

 Most challenging aspect of confined space

rescue is psychological stress generated by
many potential hazards.
 Other Hazards
 Slippery surfaces or drop-offs (i.e.: can result in slips and falls;
wet surface increases the likelihood of electric shock in areas
where electrical circuits, equipment, and tools are used water is
present).
 Scaffoldings (i.e.: collapse of the support system).
 Falling objects (i.e.: particularly in spaces which have topside
openings for entry and/or work being done above rescuer).
 Drowning (i.e.: submersion in liquid / solid in the confined
space).
 Burns (i.e.: contact with hot materials [steam], scalds from liquids,
electrical lines).
 Crushing (i.e.: entrapment by compressing substances - soil,
grain)
 Impalement (i.e.: stabbing by a sharp object).
 Biological hazards and insects, rodents, snakes, animals

148
7. Confined Space Entry Procedure
GENERAL CS ENTRY PROCEDURE
 The goal is to have clean respirable air in CS before entry.
 Clean Respirable Air: sufficient O2, no flammable substance,
acceptable level of contaminants (3 pre entry conditions)
Conduct an assessment
 Post signage; Barricade
 Write the Permit
 Perform pre-entry tests
 Follow all other safety procedures
PPE
LO/TO
Ventilation
PRCS CONFINED SPACE SIGNAGE
GENERAL CS ENTRY PROCEDURE,
(cont’d.)
 Pre-entry briefing
 Perform entry & work
 Perform continuous atmospheric tests
 Exit the confined space
 Debrief employees/contractors
 Verify completion
Testing The Atmosphere
 Verify presence of safe work atmosphere.
 Test all areas of a confined space.
Top, Middle, Bottom

 Methane is lighter than air.

 Carbon Monoxide is the same as air.
 Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air.
 Oxygen Deficiency.
 Making the Atmosphere safe
• Cleaning the space for removal of Contaminants
• Replacing an unsafe atmosphere with clean respirable air by
purging and ventilating the space.
• Preventing Fires and Explosions
• Inerting the Space
• Using Continuous ventilation to keep the atmosphere safe
• Using respirators if clean respirable atmosphere not available
 Testing Protocol
Before an employee enters the space, the
internal atmosphere shall be tested, with a
calibrated direct-reading instrument, for the
following conditions in the order given:

Oxygen content,
Flammable gases and vapors, and
Potential toxic air contaminants.
 AIR BEING 1.0

0.5 Lighter
than air

Heavier Equal
than air 1.6 to air

Vapor Density
THE RATIO OF THE MASS OF VAPOR
OR GAS TO THE MASS OF AN EQUAL
AMOUNT OF AIR.

CHAP 3-2
 TOXIC CONTAMINANTS TESTING
The following digital instruments are available for common toxic
contaminants:
• Electrochemical sensors measure carbon monoxide, hydrogen
sulphide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, chlorine, and other gases
• Infrared sensors measure carbon dioxide and several other
gases
• Photo ionisation and flame ionisation detectors measure VOCs
at the parts per million (ppm) level. This may be required if solvent
vapours are present. These vapours will exceed the limits for
inhalation long before they will be detected with most LEL meters
• Colourimetric tubes can be used to determine whether a toxic
contaminant is present, in situations where no digital instrument is
available
 Making the Atmosphere Safe

• Oxygen deficient atmosphere be cleaned and

replaced with respirable air.
• Toxic atmosphere or possibility of toxins from work
inside, clean the space and remove the
contaminants. Replace atmosphere with clean
respirable air.
• Explosive and flammable atmosphere :
 Cleaning
Cleaning should always be done prior to entry and whenever
practicable from outside confined space.
 Use a vacuum and hose to remove contaminants such
as sewage, sludge or petrochemical sludge
 Rake sludge from a brewery tank.
Pressure wash the space from outside.
Use a tank with a drain hole at the bottom and an agitator
and continually flush the space.
 Ventilation
 First option to correct problems.
 Must be aware of hazards you are trying to correct
in the confined space.
 Air intake in a safe location to draw fresh air only.
 Continuous ventilation whenever possible.
 Retest the confined space before entry.
 Isolation

 Locking and tagging out electrical sources.

 Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and hydraulic
lines.
 Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts.
 Securing mechanical parts.
 Blanking sewer and water flow.
 Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.
Atmospheric Monitoring
Gas sampling
in a Confined Space

 Methan
e

Methane is lighter than air

Gas sampling in a Confined Space

 Carbon Monoxide

 Carbon Monoxide is slightly lighter than air

Gas sampling in a Confined Space

 Hydrogen Sulfide

 Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air

 Atmospheric Monitoring
In this order:
Check for Oxygen Content:
At least 19.5% and less than 23.5%
Check for Combustibles:
Less than 10% of the LEL
Check for Toxic Gasses:
Most commonly carbon monoxide (PEL
<35 ppm)
or any other hazardous materials as
determined by the use of the space.
 Atmospheric Monitoring
Contaminants may not be detected by sight or
smell
Two Types of Direct Reading:
Electronic –gas monitor
Detector Tubes – pump
Always monitor for oxygen, LEL and expected
toxics (CO, H2S)
 Atmospheric Monitoring
Four Gas Monitor
% Oxygen, % LEL, Carbon Monoxide (PPM),
H2S (PPM)
Alarms:
O2 - <19.5% or > 23.0%,
LEL - 10%,
CO - 35 ppm
H2S -10 ppm
 Atmospheric Monitoring
Monitoring Procedure
Ensure monitor has been calibrated
Turn monitor on and let warm up
Verify monitor is functioning properly
Zero sensors in clean ambient air-outside the
CS
Keep sensor heads exposed
Test space before opening the hatch
Monitor for oxygen first…
 Atmospheric Monitoring
Monitoring Procedure
Monitor every four feet
Monitor vertically & horizontally
Prior to every entry when the space is vacant;
After a 10 minute ventilation period (if ventilation
is necessary);
At least hourly for permit-required confined
spaces.
More frequently, if conditions or suspicions
warrant.
 Atmospheric Monitoring
Monitoring Procedure
Record results on permit
Before work, periodically during work, and after
breaks
Continuously monitor – confidence tone or
“beep”
 Monitoring Limitations
Sensors must be calibrated and replaced
periodically
LEL sensor needs oxygen to work
LEL sensor is calibrated for one gas –e.g
Methane
Sensors can take up to 2 minutes to accurately
display concentrations
Some gases and RF emissions interfere with
sensor accuracy
 NOTICE
Any time a limit is exceeded, no matter
what the reason, all personnel shall
immediately exit the space, and no others
shall enter until atmospheric conditions are
returned to safe levels.

THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO

THIS!
 AUTHORIZED ENTRANT
A worker authorized to enter a confined
space
 ATTENDANT
An observant, competent/experienced person
stationed outside of a confined space to
assist the entrant
 ENTRY SUPERVISOR
The employee responsible for
overseeing the Confined Space entry
operations; permit signing; and safety
compliance
Enter the Space and Proceed with work
Enter the Space and Proceed with work
An attendant shall be posted near the
entrance for the duration of the work. He shall
be in constant communication with the
entrants while the job is in progress.
All entrants shall sign the sign in log when
entering the space and sign out when exiting.
The attendant shall maintain the permit and
sign in log for the duration of the work.
 When the Job is Done
Remove all personnel, tools, and debris
from the space. Sign off the log.
Close the space.
Cancel the permit.
Review the job with the host employer
(hazards, problems, other employers, etc.)
6. Permit-Required in Confined Space
PRCS WRITTEN PLAN OUTLINE
Introduction - Company Policy
Definitions
Identification of Confined Spaces
Notification and Warning
Hazard Identification
Equipment for Entry & Rescue
Evaluation of Confined Spaces
Permits
Authorized Entrants
Authorized Attendants
PRCS WRITTEN PLAN OUTLINE
(cont’d)
Entry Supervisors
Entry Procedures
Communications Procedures
Rescue Procedures
Closure Procedures
Coordination of Work With Contractors
Program Review and Update (Annually
Required)
Training Requirements and Documentation
1910.146(d) Permit-required CS Program
1. Implement measures to prevent unauthorized entry
2. Identify & evaluate hazards prior to entry
3. Develop & implement means, procedures & practices
for safe entry:
I. Specify acceptable entry conditions
II. Let entrant/rep observe monitoring/testing
III. Isolate the permit space
IV. Purge, inert, flush or ventilate as necessary
V. Provide barriers
VI. Verify acceptable conditions throughout entry
1910.146(d) Permit-required confined
space program
4. Provide the following equipment at no cost to
the employee:
i. Testing & monitoring equipment
ii. Ventilation equipment
iii. Communication equipment
iv. PPE
v. Lighting equipment
vi. Barriers & shields
vii. Ingress/egress equipment (ladders, etc.)
viii. Rescue & emergency equipment
ix. Other needed entry/rescue equipment
1910.146(d) Permit-required confined
space program
5. Evaluate permit space to ensure acceptable
conditions
6. Provide at least one attendant
7. Provide means & procedures for emergency
response to two spaces if monitored by one
attendant
8. Designate program personnel & duties and
provide training
1910.146(d) Permit-required confined
space program
9. Develop & implement procedures for rescue
and emergency services
10. Develop & implement a system for entry
permits
 preparation
 issuance
 use
 cancellation
1910.146(d) Permit-required confined
space program
13. Develop & implement procedures to coordinate
multi-employer entry operations
14. Develop procedures for concluding entry
operations
15. Review entry operations when protective
measures appear insufficient
16. Review program at least annually, using
retained cancelled permits
 1910.146(e) Permit System
Before entry is authorized, the employer must prepare an entry
permit
Appendix D to section 1910.146
presents examples of permits
Entry Permit
 1910.146(e) Permit System
Before entry begins, the entry supervisor identified on the permit

shall sign the entry permit to authorize entry

The completed permit shall be made available at the time of

entry to all authorized entrants, by posting it at the entry portal,

so that the entrants can confirm that pre-entry preparations
have been completed
 1910.146(f) Entry permit

The entry permit that documents compliance with this section

and authorizes entry to a permit space shall identify:
The permit space to be entered;
The purpose of the entry;
The date and the authorized duration of the entry permit;
The authorized entrants by name
Attendant(s), by name
Entry supervisor(s), by name
 1910.146(e) Permit System
The entry permit that documents compliance with this
section and authorizes entry to a permit space shall
identify:
The hazards of the permit space to be entered;
Measures used to isolate and control hazards
before entry into permit space*
Acceptable entry conditions;

*Can include the lockout or tagging of equipment and

procedures for purging, inerting, ventilating, etc...
 1910.146(e) Permit System
The entry permit that documents compliance with this
section and authorizes entry to a permit space shall
identify:
Results of initial and periodic tests
Rescue and emergency services
Communication procedure for entrants & attendants
Equipment, such as personal protective equipment,
testing equipment, communications equipment,
alarm systems, and rescue equipment, to be
provided
 PERMITS
Are written authorization and approval
specifying the location and type of work
Certify that all existing hazards have been
assessed
Ensure the safety of each worker
Specify the date & length of time it applies
Confined Space Permit
Complete Entry Permit
A confined space entry
permit is a written
document that helps ensure
the safety of employees
from atmospheric or
physical hazards in the
work place.
 ENTRY PERMITS
 Permit Space to be Entered
 Purpose of Entry
 Date & Authorized Duration of Permit
 Authorized Entrants
 Authorized Attendants
 Name & Signature of Entry Supervisor
 Hazards of the Permit Space to be Entered
 Isolation of Hazard Control Measures
 Acceptable Entry Conditions
 Results of Initial & Periodic Atmospheric Monitoring
 Rescue & Emergency Services
 Communications Procedures
 Equipment Required for Entry & rescue Operations
 Other Necessary Information and Other Required Permits
Example of permit
 Contents of The Entry Permit
1. Permit space to be entered
2. Purpose of the entry
3. Date and the authorized duration of the entry
permit
4. Authorized entrants
5. Attendants
6. Entry supervisor with a space for the signature
 Contents of The Entry Permit
7. Hazards of the permit space
8. Measures used to isolate the permit space and
to eliminate or control permit space hazards
before entry
9. Acceptable entry conditions
10. Results of initial and periodic tests, names or
initials of the testers and when the tests were
performed
 Contents of The Entry Permit
11. Rescue and emergency services
12. Communication procedures
13. Equipment (personal protective equipment,
testing equipment, communications equipment,
alarm systems, rescue equipment, etc.)
14. Any other information necessary in order to
ensure employee safety
 Acceptable Entry Conditions
• Company Confined Space Entry permit posted
• Oxygen 19.5 to 23.5%
• Lower Explosive Level l0%
• Toxic fumes/vapors less than PEL
• No engulfing material in space
• No hazardous chemicals or material
• Drained - Flushed
 Acceptable Entry Conditions
• Rescue Team Available on Site
• Attendant is present and equipment in place
• Space Temperature <100 degrees F.
• LOTO Electrical components in space
• LOTO Mechanical Components in space
• LOTO All pipes to and from space
• Ventilation Established & Maintained
• Additional conditions required on permit
• Additional conditions required by Entry Supervisor
 When to terminate entry

Situations outside the space require evacuation

Prohibited conditions inside the space

Attendants unable to perform duties

Entry operation have been completed

 10
 Permit system Requirements
1. Entry permit completed by employer authorizes
entry
2. Supervisor’s signature authorizes entry
3. Posted permit provides assurance to entrants of
completed pre-entry prep’s
4. Duration of permit may not exceed time needed
to complete assigned task
 Permit system Requirements
5. Entry supervisor terminates entry & cancels
permit when:
• The entry operation covered by the permit
has been completed; or
• A condition that is not allowed under the entry
permit arises in or near the permit space.
6. Cancelled permits are retained for at least 1
year
• problems must be noted & evaluated
 Permit Entry Systems
 Written permit signed by entry supervisor.
 Verifies pre-entry precautions have been taken
and the space is safe to enter.
 Posted at entry to confined space.
 Specifies apparent hazards and corrective
actions taken prior to entry.
 Requires termination of permit when task is
completed or when new conditions exist.
 Entry Permit Requirements
 Date, location, and name of confined space.
 Purpose of entry and known hazards.
 Duration of entry permit time.
 Authorized entrants, attendants, supervisors.
 Air testing results - signature of tester.
 Protective measures to be taken.
Ventilation,Isolation, Flushing
Lockout / Tagout, Purging
 Training and Education
 All workers who must enter confined spaces
 All attendants and rescue team members.
 Prior to initial work assignment.
 Retraining:
Job duties change.
Change in permit-space program.

New hazards are present.

Job performance indicates deficiencies.

 Training and Education
Every Entry Into A Confined Space Must Be
Done So With Suspect --
Changes in Configuration
Changes in Atmosphere
Changes in Activities
8. Isolation of Confined Space from all hazards
Controlling Hazards

• Lockout and Tag out

• Isolate the space
• Ventilate the space
• Conduct Tailboard
• Complete permit
• Test the atmosphere
• Enter the space
Lock Out Tag Out
Isolate the Space from all hazards
 Isolate the Space
Close Valves
Double block & bleed, or
Blank flange
Empty the Space
Depressurize, vent & drain
Lockout/Tagout Equipment
Electrical sources
Rotating/reciprocating parts
Hazardous materials
Clean residue from the space
Electrical Isolation

Remember to Isolate
Valve Isolation
Ventilate the Space
 Ventilate the Space
Use mechanical ventilation
Fans
Air horns
Ventilate at the rate of at least four (4)
volumes per hour
Larger spaces require more ventilation
Make sure air supply is not contaminated
Ventilation air supply must be from fresh
air uncontaminated with flammables,
toxins, etc.
 Methods of Ventilation
1. Positive Pressure (Supply)

2. Negative Pressure (Exhaust)

3. Positive negative push pull

 Positive Pressure (Supply)
Direction of fresh air flow into space creating a
positive pressure diluting any contaminants by
the addition of fresh air
Electrically operated fans should be used to
prevent unacceptable levels of Co into space by
use of gasoline blowers
Air flow should be introduced into the space and
the flow should be at the level at which rescuers
will be working
 Positive Pressure
Fan should be allowed to operate long enough
to exchange the air content of the space several
times
Capacity of fan in cubic feet per minute (CFM)
divided into the volume of the space in cubic feet
= the time it takes to exchange air one time
Positive pressure (supply) can force air into
space 30 times the distance exhaust (negative)
pressure can draw it
Positive Pressure-Examples
 Negative Pressure (Exhaust)
Exhausts contaminants from the space (using
negative pressure) by pulling contaminated air
out of a space
A slight vacuum is created that can draw other
contaminants into the space
May draw flammable gases over motor
 Positive-negative/push-pull

Flushes the atmosphere by supplying and

exhausting large volumes of air
Two portals must be present, positive air flow
into space while negative pressure pulls
contaminants out
Most effective method for ventilation
Consider where the contaminated exhaust is
going and if it will pose an additional hazard
8. Confined Space Tailboard Briefing
 PRE-ENTRY BRIEFING
Conduct meeting
Include all affected persons
Document topics discussed at the briefing.
Conduct a Tailboard Briefing
Entire crew must attend
Attendants, entrants, entry supervisor
Review hazards of entry and work
Review PPE
Review procedure for contacting rescue
verify rescue available
Complete permit
9. Review PPE Requirement
Personal Protective Equipment Definition

“Specialized clothing or equipment, worn by an

employee for protection against infectious or
other hazardous materials/objects.
The appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
The appropriate PPE should be worn based on the
hazard(s) and include:
 eye and face protection, head protection, foot
and leg protection, body protection, hearing
protection,
Respiratory protection, hand and arm
protection, harness, safety belt, and lifeline
 OSHA PPE Regulations
General Requirements 29 CFR 1910.132
Eye, Face Protection 29 CFR 1910.133
Foot Protection 29 CFR 1910.136
Electrical Workers 29 CFR 1910.335
Electrical Protective Equipment 29 CFR 1910.137
Electrical Safety-Related Work Practices, Use of
PPE 29 CFR 1910.333(c)(2).
Head Protection 29 CFR 1910.135.
General Requirements – 1910.132 - .138

PPE for eyes, face, hand, extremities,

protective clothing, respiratory devices,
protective shields and barriers:
* Shall be provided, used, and maintained in a
sanitary and reliable condition,
* Wherever it is necessary by reason
of hazards or processes or environment.
 Employer Responsibilities
Must provide PPE at no cost to employee.
Must assess all work environments for potential
hazards.
Must provide training to any employee who
uses any PPE.
Must pay for replacement of any required PPE,
unless the employee has lost or intentionally
damaged the item.
Hazards that may require PPE
Chemical
Radiological
Thermal
Mechanical
Blood and OPIM (other potential infectious
material)
Encountered by an employee in a manner capable
of causing injury or impairment in any
function/body part through absorption, inhalation,
or physical contact.
 Eye and Face Protection
Locations/situations
Must ensure that each affected employee
uses eye protection that provides front and
side protection from flying
objects/materials.
If they wear prescription lenses, the eye
protection can incorporate the prescription
in the design, or be worn over the
prescription lenses – must not disturb the
prescription lenses or the protective
lenses.
 Respiratory Protection
First Priority: Engineering Controls.
Includes: enclosure or confinement, general or
local ventilation, or substitution of less toxic
materials.

When engineering controls are not adequate or

feasible:
Face masks or Respirators should be used!
 Masks and Respirators
Provided by the employer.
Must be applicable and suitable for the purpose
and potential hazards involved.
Must establish and maintain a respiratory
protection program.
 Hand Protection
Employer must select and provide appropriate
hand protection for employees that are
exposed to hazards:
* skin absorption of harmful substances
* severe cuts, lacerations, or abrasions
* punctures
* chemical or thermal burns
* harmful temperature extremes
 Gloves
When and where: environmental services,
engineering, laboratory, other areas.
Glove material: vinyl, latex, nitrile, other.
Sterile and nonsterile.
Single use or reusable.

Critical to train employees on appropriate use,

putting on, and taking off of gloves.
 Head Protection
For employees working in areas where there is a
potential for injury to the head from falling
objects.

When would this apply in healthcare settings?

 Foot Protection
Employees use protective footwear when
working in areas where there is:
* danger of foot injuries due to falling or
rolling objects;
* objects that can pierce the sole;
* where employee’s feet are exposed
to electrical hazards.
 Employee Education
Must train before they use the PPE.
Need to know at least the following:
* when PPE is necessary
* what PPE is necessary
* How to properly put on, take off, adjust,
and wear PPE
* the limitations of the PPE
* proper care, maintenance, useful life,
and disposal of PPE.
 Employee Education
Before using any PPE.
Document training.
Do not make assumptions about prior
knowledge of the use of PPE!
Rescue and Emergency Services

Self-Rescue
Non-entry Rescue
Only trained workers can
enter space and only
when there is another
attendant
Call 997
Rescue and Emergency Services
Responds in a timely manner
Rescue provider must be proficient with
confined space rescue-related tasks and
equipment
Inform rescue provider of the hazards they may
encounter on site
Provide the rescue provider with access to all
permit spaces so they can develop rescue plans
and practice rescue operations
Rescue and Emergency Services
Retrieval systems shall be used unless they increase
the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the
rescue
Each entrant shall use a full body harness and a
retrieval line if feasible
The other end of the retrieval line shall be attached to
a mechanical device or fixed point outside the permit
space
A mechanical retrieval device shall be available for
vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep
Wherever you work in the world there may be
regulatory limits, but such limits provide only
minimal protection. Best practices dictate that
any variation from normal, which is 20.9%
oxygen and 0% lower explosive limit (LEL),
should be investigated and corrected prior to
entering the space. Elimination of the hazard
is achieved, thus following the hierarchy of
control principle and reducing levels of risk to
as low as is reasonably practicable.
Review
What is a Confined Space?
What is a Permit Required Confined Space
What is the OSHA dealing with Permit
Required Confined Spaces?
What is the order of testing for atmospheric
monitoring?
What is the leading cause of confined space
fatalities?
Q