Why Teaching Methods?

• What I hear, I forget

• What I see, I remember
• What I say, I understand
• What I do, I understand and remember

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Average Understanding Rates

• What I hear 20%

• What I see 30%
• What I hear & see 50%
• What I do 70%
• What I do and say 90%

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 Average Retention Rates
The Learning Pyramid
 Lecture 5%
 Reading 10%
 Audio-Visual 20%
 Demonstration 30%
 Group Discussion 50%
 Practice 75%
 Teaching Others 90%
• *Adapted from National Training Laboratories. Bethel, Maine

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8
 What Does the Data Say

Percent of students paying attention

120

 Even if you are 100

80
fascinating….
60

40

 People only 20

0
remember the 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

first 15 minutes
of what you say Time from start of lecture (minutes)
 Sample Data Supporting Engagement

Velocity

After new Method

Acceleration
After Traditional Instruction
Before Instruction

Force

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

% Students Understanding Concepts

 Common Teaching Methods
• Lecture
• Demonstration
• Reading Assignment
• Project / Assignment
• Group Assignment
• Small Group Discussion
• Panel Discussion
• Videotapes

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 Common Teaching Methods
• Debate
• Brainstorming
• Case Studies
• Role Playing
• Seminar/ Workshop
• Cooperative Learning
• Problem-based Learning (PBL)
• Inquiry-based Learning (IBL)

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Teaching-Learning Quotes
• You can teach a student a lesson for a day; but if you
can teach him to learn by creating curiosity, he will
continue the learning process as long as he lives. 
~Clay P. Bedford

• I am learning all the time.  The tombstone will

be my diploma.  ~Eartha Kitt

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Selecting Teaching Methods

1. Level of student/learner
2. Background of the learner
3. Size of the group
4. Topic to be taught
5. Desired change/ Learning Outcome
6. Teaching strategy: indoor-outdoor
7. Time availability

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 Selecting Teaching Methods
Learning Outcome Teaching Methods
Remember
Understand
Apply
Analyze
Evaluate
Create
Affective
Psychomotor

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 Why Teaching Methods?

• The mediocre teacher tells.

• The good teacher explains.
• The superior teacher demonstrates.
• The great teacher inspires.
William Arthur Ward (American)

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Classification of extension teaching methods
According to USE
INDIVIDUAL GROUP MASS

Personal letter General meeting News stories

Office call Result demonstration Circular letter

Telephone call Method demonstration Bulletin

Email Leaders training meeting Leaf-let

Farm & home visit Tours Radio, TV, Computer

Schools Film show

Lecture Poster
According to FORM

SPOKEN WRITTEN VISUAL AUDIO-VISUAL

Farm & home visit Leaflet Poster Film show
Radio talk Booklet Charts Television
Group discussion News article Slides Method
Office call Flash cards demonstration
Result
demonstration
According to function

1. Telling
2. Showing
3. Doing
 According to organizational level
LOCALLY REGIONALL Y NATIONALLY
Farm & home visit Tours Radio
Office call Training TV
Discussion Field day Circular letter
Informal meeting Fair Documentary film
Method demonstration Festival Publication
Result demonstration Exhibition Video
Indirect contact Seminar
Symposium
Conference
Personal letter
Workshop
 FARM & HOME VISIT
Direct face to face contact by the extension agent with the
farmer at his farm or home for extension work .

Objectives:
1. To get acquainted with & gain confidence of
farmers;
2. To obtain and / or give firsthand information on
matters related to farm;
3. To advise & assist in solving specific problems and
teach specific skill;
4. To sustain interest .
TECHNIQUE
Planning & preparation
 Decide on the audience & objectives whom to meet & what for?
 Get adequate information about the topic. Contact research if needed.
 Collect relevant publication & materials to be handed over.
 Make a schedule of visits to save time & energy

Implementation
 Visit farmers according to schedule
 Create interest of the farmer & allow the individual to talk first
 Present the message & explain up to the satisfaction of the farmers
Advantages of Farm & home visit
1. First hand knowledge about farming can be exchanged between
extension workers & farmers.
2. This method can select a local people as leadership.
3. Identify those people who are participating in any farming program.
4. It clarify doubts by answering the farmer’s questions and through
hand over publication
5. Bring satisfaction to the farmers
Limitations:
 Only limited number of contacts may be made
 Time consuming & costly method
 Attention may be concentrated on few elite persons ; neglecting the
large number of marginal, tribal, small and landless farmers
 Farmer’ s call
Unlike farm & home visit farmer’s call is a call made by the farmer at
the working place of the extension agent for obtaining information &
assistance.

Objectives:
1. To get quick solution of the problems relating to farm.
2. To enable farmer to bring specimen for proper investigation of the
problem.
3. To ensure timely supply of inputs & services
4. To act as reminder to the extension agent
Planning & preparation
 Keep the office neat, orderly & attractive.
 Remain present in the office on the fixed days and hours, which have
communicated to the farmers in advance.
 Make alternative management to provide information & assistance to
the caller in case of absence.
 Organize an information centre in the office or at least put up a few
boards in the office room & display current leaflets, folders,
photographs, charts etc. relating to important project & extension
activities.
Implementation
 Allow the visitors to talk first & make the point
 Describe about the problems & prescribe solutions.
 Let the visitor leave the office satisfied.
Individual teaching method
In this method the extension agent communicates with the
people individually, maintaining separate identity of each
person. This method is followed when the number of
people to be contacted are very few in number, are
conveniently located close to the communicator.
Farm & home visit, Farmer’s call etc.
 RESULT DEMONSTRATION
It is a method of motivating the people for adoption of a new practice
by showing its distinctly superior results. It is very effective method for
transfer of new technology to the farmers.

Planning & preparation:

 Selection of relevant profitable practice by analyzing farmers situation.
 Selection of a few responsible & cooperative farmers for conducting
demonstration.
 Selection of representation locations for conducting the demonstration
where it will be easily visible.
 Prepare a calendar of operation.
Implementation
1. Explain the objectives & steps to the demo farmer.
2. Organize the materials & equipments necessary for conducting the
demonstration.
3. Give adequate publicity about the demonstration.
4. Start the demonstration on scheduled date & time.
5. Arrange method demonstration where a new skill is required
6. Put suitable signboard for each demonstration.
7. Ensure that all critical operations are done in time & try supervise
them personally.
8. Conduct filed day
9. Let the demonstrating farmers explain to the visitors as far as
possible
Follow up
 Use the results of the demonstrations in future extension work & also
pass on to the mass media for further dissemination.
 Utilize demonstrating farmers in farmers meeting & training program.
 Prepare slides or photographs on demonstration for future extension
program.
 Avoid conducting subsequent demonstration with the same farmer
 STEPS OF TEACHING METHODS

1. Getting attention of the learner

2. Stimulating interest of learner
3. Arousing the desire for information of learner
4. Convincing for action of learner
5. Getting action by the learner
6. Satisfaction from the action of learner
TEACHING METHODS IN EXTENSION

What is extension teaching?

Extension teaching method may be defined as the
-Tools
-Techniques
-Devices
Used by the extension practitioners to teach farmers in order to
make behavioral changes among them, changes in knowledge,
skills, attitudes and actual practices of technologies.
 SEQUENCE OF LECTURE

1. Introduction: Opening, Informing, linking

2. Body of speech:
a)info should be accurate, complete
b) supported by variety of aids
c) Brainstorming, discussion, prob-solving
d) Questions should be asked by learner
3. Conclusion: Summarizing lecture by
highlighting main points