A Project Report

on

REMOTRE MONITORING OF TRANSFORMER

HEALTH OVER THE INTERNET

Under the guidance of Presented by

Mr. M. Udhayakumar, B.E, ME.,. 2048EEM022( SANTHOSH )
Associate Professor,
Dept. of EEE,
PRIST University

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PONNAIYAH RAMAJAYAM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THANJAVUR – 613 403
SEPTEMBER - 2021
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 CONTENTS
• Objective
• Introduction
• Literature survey
• Existing method
• Disadvantages of existing
method
• Components used
• Block diagram
• Components specifications
• Proposed methodology
• Flow chart
• Tools used
• Theoretical calculations
• Results obtained
• References
2
 Objective
• To design a protective circuit for transformer, based on programmable
Arduino to monitor transformer temperature, voltage and current by using
sensors.

• To design an communication system using Arduino controlled GSM

module to transfer the over voltage, over current and over temperature fault
values to mobile devices.

3
 Introduction
• Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system.

• Transformer, which is used in different sizes, types, and connections.

• Therefore, the continuity of its operation is of vital importance in maintaining the

reliability of power supply.

• A power system is said to be faulty when an undesirable condition occurs in that power
system, where the undesirable condition might be short circuits, overcurrent,
overvoltage etc.

4
 Introduction (Contd.,)
• Any unscheduled repair work, especially replacement of a faulty transformer, is
very expensive and time consuming.

• Protection against fault in power systems is very essential and vital for reliable
performance.

• The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for
faults within the transformer and to reduce the risk of failure to simplify eventual
repair.

5
 Literature Survey

• Online condition monitoring system for substation and service transformer

[1]
To get maximum profit with minimum maintenance cost by developing a
condition based monitoring. It is useful to replace reactive and preventive
maintenance.

Advantage: It is cost effective, online and accurate tool as it proposes corrective

actions and the results are evaluated by comparing with the results obtained from
utility model.

Disadvantage: It can be applied only to transformers without any abnormal

faults
such as detected by dissolved gas analysis. 6
 Literature Survey (Contd.,)
• Transformer health monitoring system [2]
As it is difficult to monitor the condition manually of every single transformer.
So, automatic data acquisition and transformer condition monitoring is issued.
It presents mobile embedded system to monitor load currents, over voltage,
transformer oil level and oil temperature by integrating GSM modem with single
chip micro controller and sensors installed at distribution transformer site.
This system is advanced step to the automation by diminishing human
dependency. As it is wireless, there is no need of large cables which is of high
cost.
• A novel offline to online approach to detect transformer inter turn fault [3]
The time of acquisition and operation parameters is too long for ordinary
transformer but by using distribution transformer real time monitoring system to
detect all operation parameters in time.
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 Literature Survey (Contd.,)
In ordinary transformers, detection of system itself is not reliable, device is instable,
poor anti jamming capability, low measurement accuracy but by using this method health of
transformers is known and helps the utilities to optimally use their transformers and keep it
in operation for longer period. so, that we can identify problems before any serious failure
which leads to a significant cost savings and great reliability.

It is an approach based on the use of transformer no load and light load current harmonic
analysis to detect the presence of an inter turn fault at the incipient stage. The presence of
fault is detected by performing a trend analysis, which is a special test for transformer
testing into an online method at light load conditions. Thus the necessity of complete
shutdown and dependency on expert opinion is eliminated.

8
 Literature Survey (Contd.,)

• Health index calculation for power transformer using technical and

economical parameters [4]
The overall health condition of working transformers are evaluated by technical
diagnostic tests and economical lifetime assessment of transformers investigation.
Two artificial intelligence models including artificial neural network and adaptive
neuro-fuzzy inference system models are presented to determine the health index for
transformers.
The technical and economical parameters are used as input parameters to develop
the models. Technical parameters are extracted from oil characteristics and dissolved
gas analysis of different transformers. Economical parameters are constructed with
transformer capital investments, maintenance and operating costs. The models can
be used to determine the health condition of transformers with high accuracy.
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 Existing method
• Differential protection :
In this protection its makes use of current difference flowing through
different terminals of the transformer.
• Differential protection is a unit-type protection for a specified zone or
piece of equipment. It is based on the fact that it is only in the case of faults
internal to the zone that the differential current (difference between input
and output currents) will be high.

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Existing method (Contd.,)

Fig.1 Differential Protection [3]

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 Disadvantages of existing method

• It is costliest method
• when the transformer tap changer is moved up and down with
respect to the middle point at which the relay is adjusted to, the
differential relay might initiate a trip signal without the presence of
any fault. This mal operation is caused by a spill current due to the
impact of On Load Tap Changer (OLTC).
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 Disadvantages of existing method (Contd.,)

• The pilot wires used may vary in length due to which the unbalance in
the secondary circuit parameter (resistance) is created that results in
improper scheme.

• During heavy short circuit conditions the high current creates

saturation of flux in core of CT’s that lead to abnormal relaying.

13
 Proposed methodology
(Contd.,)
• Arduino is the main component in this circuit. The circuit diagram of
the
differential protection of transformer using arduino is shown.

• Here Arduino is used as a controlling device. Hall effect current sensor is used to
measure the current on the secondary side of the transformer and send the
corresponding voltage to the arduino.

• Output of the arduino is connected to the relay.

• Under normal operating conditions currents on secondary side of the transformer

is less than the predefined value .
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 Proposed methodology (Contd.,)
• So, the proportionate voltages generated by the hall sensor will be less and the
proportionate voltages are generated by current sensors are given.

• Under normal operating conditions these voltage will be less in magnitude and
difference is zero. So, the Arduino gives no signal to the relay.

• Whenever extra load or an internal fault occur in transformer the currents seen by
the hall effect differs by same amount.

• If this current increased more than the predefined value then it is termed
as abnormal condition.

15
 Proposed methodology
(Contd.,)
• If the temperature also increases more than the predefined value it is also
considered as the abnormal condition.

• Arduino give a signal to the relay according predefined program. As and when the
relay is activated by the Arduino the relay will activates the triggering circuit.

• Arduino will give trip signal to the relay board and which is connected in series
with the supply will open its contacts thus the supply to the hardware setup will be
disconnected.

• Arduino will also send a message signal to GSM module as predefined in the
Arduino program.

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 Components used

• Transformer
• Arduino Mega
• Voltage sensor
• Current sensor
• Thermistor
• Relay
• GSM module
• Lcd

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 Block diagram

supply Arduino mega microcontroller LCD Display

Temperatur GSM
Transformer Buzzer
e sensor Module

Current
Voltage sensor Relay Load
sensor

Fig.2 Block Diagram for Transformer Health Monitoring and control 18

 Components specifications
Step down transformer :
• It consists of two windings namely primary and secondary windings.

• Primary can be designated with the less gauge wire with more number of turns
for carrying low current high voltage power.

• Secondary is designated with high gauge wire with less number of turns for carrying high
current low voltage power.

• It works on the principle of faraday’s laws of electro magnetic induction.

• Rating of transformer used is 230/15v

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 Components specifications (Contd.,)

LCD screen(LM016) :
• Arduino includes the liquid crystal library , which has a set of functions
that makes it very easy to interface with the parallel LCD that we are using.

• The set of functions include blinking the cursor, automatically scrolling

text, creating custom characters and changing the direction of text printing.

• It has 8 data pins, register select pin, read/write pin, enable pin, 𝑠𝑣pin,
𝑠 𝑣𝑑𝑑
pin, vo pin, Anode , Cathode pin.

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 Components specifications (Contd.,)

Relay :
• The relay is an electrically controllable switch.

• It allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different
voltage sources.

• The electro magnetic relays have three components: the coil, spring and contacts.

• When current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is created around the coil
(the coil is energized), which causes the armature to be attracted to the coil. The
armature’s contact acts like a switch and closes or opens the circuit.
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Relay connection

Fig. 2 connection of relay

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Relay internal connection

Fig. 3 Internal connection of relay

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 Components specifications (Contd.,)

Thermistor(LM35) :
• Thermistors, like RTDs, are thermally sensitive semiconductors whose resistance varies
with temperature.

• There are two types of thermistors negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors,
whose resistance decreases with increasing temperature, and positive temperature
coefficient (PTC) thermistors, whose resistance increases with increasing temperature.

• NTC’s can exhibit coefficients of -10 kΩ/°C or more. In comparison, a 100 Ω platinum
RTD has a sensitivity of only 0.4 Ω/°C. A small size of the thermistor bead also yields a
very fast response to temperature changes.

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Temperature sensor connection(LM35DZ)

Fig .4 Connection of temperature sensor

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Temperature sensor internal structure

Fig . 5 Internal structure of temperature sensor

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 Components specifications (Contd.,)

Arduino Mega:
• It is a combination of different electronic components on a single board.

• It is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-

use hardware and software.

• It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 13 can be used as PWM outputs).

• 16 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator.

• A USB connection, a power jack , an ICSP header , and a reset button.

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Arduino mega 2560

Fig . 6 Architecture of arduino mega

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 Components specifications (Contd.,)

Voltage sensor (ACS712) :

• It is based on the principle of resistive voltage design.

• It is a device that converts voltage measured between two points of

an electrical circuit into a physical signal proportional to the voltage.

• It can make the connector input voltage to 5 times smaller.

• It has the limit of Arduino analog input 5V DC only.

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 Components specifications (Contd.,)

Current sensor :
The ACS712-05B can measure current upto ±5A and provides output sensitivity
of 185mV/A, which means for every 1A increase in the current through the
conduction terminals in the positive direction , the output voltage also rises by
185mV.

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Current sensor connection(ACS712)

Fig.7 Connection of current sensor

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Current sensor internal structure

Fig.8 Internal architecture of current sensor

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 Components specifications (Contd.,)
GSM Module (SIM800L) :

• GSM means global system for mobile communication.

• GSM digitizes and compresses data ,then sends it down a channel with other streams of user data ,
each in it’s own time slot.

• It operates at either 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency brand.

• It is used to send sms to required number of phones by accepting inputs from the Arduino.

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GSM module connection

Fig.9 GSM module connection

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 start
Flow chart
Initialize Arduino and gsm module

Read the pin A0, A1, A2

Compare the read value with stored

value

Check for results

Over
Over current Over voltage
temperature

High High High

No ? No ? ? No
y y y
35
e e e
 A B C

Trip the relay and send sms to registered number

Lcd print the tripped values

stop

Fig.11 Transformer health monitoring and control flow chart

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 Tools used

Fig.12 : Arduino software Fig.13 : Proteus software

37
 Theoretical calculations

𝑧×28
• 𝑒
𝑡𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑒
𝑟𝑢
𝑡𝑒
𝑟= 42
4

𝑥×5
• 𝑐
𝑢
𝑒
𝑟𝑛
𝑡= 102
4

𝑒
= •5×𝑦×(𝑟1+𝑟2)
𝑔𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑣
1023×𝑟

Z = resistance measured across thermistor [1]

x = output voltage of hall sensor [1]
y = output voltage of voltage sensor
[1] r1 = 2000ohms & r2 = 3000ohms
[1] 38
 Simulation results

8/11/2018 Fig.14 : schematic figure 39

 Tripped at over current

8/11/2018 Fig.15 : Tripped at over current 40

 Tripped at over temperature

8/11/2018 41
Fig.16 : Tripped at over temperature
 Tripped at over voltage

8/11/2018 Fig.17 : Tripped at over voltage 42

 Continous flow

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Fig.18 : Contunious flow
Experimental Result

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Tripped message from GSM to mobile :

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 Conclusion

• The arduino based transformer protection achieves numerous advantages over

the existing systems in use:
1) fast response.
2) better isolation.
3) accurate detection of the fault.

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 References
[1] Ballal, M. S., Jaiswal, G. C., Tutkane, D. R., Venikar, P. A., Mishra, M. K., & Suryawanshi, H. M. Online condition
monitoring system for substation and service transformers, IET Electric Power Applications, 2017, 11(7), 1187-1195.
[2] Patil R. V., Dhiraj Kalantre, Niranjan Hirugade, Arun More, Ashwinee Kakade, transformer health monitoring and
control through arduino, International Journal Of Electrical, Electronics And Data Communication, 2017, 5(1), 59-
62.
[3] Venikar, P. A., Ballal, M. S., Umre, B. S., & Suryawanshi, H. M. A novel offline to online approach to detect
transformer interturn fault. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 2016, 31(2), 482-492.
[4] Zeinoddini-Meymand, H., & Vahidi, B. Health index calculation for power transformers using technical and
economical parameters. IET Science, Measurement & Technology, 2016, 10(7), 823-830.
[5] Campelo, F., Batista, L. S., Takahashi, R. H., Diniz, H. E., & Carrano, E. G. Multicriteria transformer asset
management with maintenance and planning perspectives. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 2016 10(9),
2087-2097.
[6] Patil1 U. V., Kathe Mohan, Harkal Saurabh, Warhade Nilesh Transformer Health Condition Monitoring Using GSM
Technology, International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering, 2(2), 2016.
[7] Ma, H., Saha, T. K., Ekanayake, C., & Martin, D. Smart transformer for smart grid—Intelligent framework and
techniques for power transformer asset management. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2015, 6(2), 1026-1034.

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