EXTRACITION METHODS

Extracition; is the separation of the substances in a

mixture, by dissolving each components with
one/several solvents which yields at least two
components ; the solution extracted in the solvent and
the residue.
It’s a first crucial step in preparation of plant
formulations.
Sample preparation is of utmost importance to the
development of analytical methods for the analysis of
constituents present in the botanicals and herbal
preparations.
 PRE-EXTRACTION PREPARATION
 The initial stage in studying medicinal plants is
the preparation of plant samples to preserve the
biomolecules in the plants prior to extraction.
 Sample preparations like; leaves ,barks, roots,
fruits.. can be extracted
 And other pre-preparation of plant material like;
grinding and drying also can take place.
 All stages of extraction from the pre-extraction
and extraction are equally important in the
study of medicinal plants.
Different Types of extraction methods
A. Maceration
B. Percolation
C. Decoction
D. Infusion

1.Liquid liquid extraction

2.Solid phase extraction
3.Supercritical fluid extraction
4.Solid phase micro extraction
 1.Liquid Liquid Extraction[LLE]
o Is most common approach for the extraction of compounds from aqueous sample.
o The sample is distributed or partitioned between two immiscible liquids of phases in
which the compound and matrix have different solubilities.
o The basis of the extraction process is that the more polar hydrophilic compound prefer
the aqueous and the more non-polar hydrophobic compounds prefer the organic solvent.
Solvent selection
-the selectivity and efficacy of LLE is critically governed by the choice of two
immiscible solvents.
-commonly organic solvents are chosen b/c of;
 Low solubility in aqueous phase
 High volatility for solvent evaporation
 High purity
Factors affecting the equilibrium process
 Adjustment of PH to prevent ionization
 Formation of ion pairs with ionizables
 Formation of hydrophobic complex metal
 Addition of neutral salts to aqueous phase
The Separatory Funnel
- A separatory funnel is an equipement which is
required to held the process of extraction through
LLE procedure.
 Problem with the LLE process
-practical problems with LLE can occur and include Emulsion
formulation, especially for samples containing surfactants or fatty
molecules [Emulsion is a milky white coloration within the
separating funnel with no distinct boundary between aqueous and
organic phase]
Remedy of Emulsion
• centrifugation of the mixture
• Filtration through a glass wool plug
• Heating /Cooling the separatory funnel
• Addition of small amount of a different organic solvents
• Addition of Nacl salt to aqueous phase
 Application of LLE
-Acetic acid extraction
-Essential oil extraction
-Fermentation and algae broth
-Phenol extraction from waste water