Presentation on

Digital protection of power system

Submitted by Submitted to
Rachna Ms.Mamta chamoli
(M.Tech) (Assistant professor)
content
 Traveling waves based techniques
 Digital differential protection of transformer
 Digital line differential protection
 Recent advances in digital protection of power system
 Traveling wave based techniques
Single-Ended Technique (Close End )

 In this technique, fault occurrences are within first half of the line. Voltage and current
waves are taken as inputs on one bus end in the line, and at a point of fault two waves
will propagate; the first wave travels backward to the initial stage and the other travels
forward to the extreme end and bounces back to the initial stage. Therefore, by taking
half of a delay time provided by the arrival of the two peaks in scale, we multiply by the
velocity of that line to determine the distance of that fault. Therefore, the fault distance
can be calculated by

where v is velocity of propagation and is time interval of two peaks.

Single-Ended Technique (Remote End)

In this technique, fault occurrences are located at the extreme ends of

the entire line. The current and voltage waveforms are taken as
inputs from the sending end bus in the line. The reflected signal at
the second bus might be considered based on the distance of the
fault along the line. Therefore, one of the two waves travels
backward to the bus as the first peak and the other travels forward
as the second peak to the second bus and bounces back to the initial
stage. where 𝜏 is the total traveling wave length and represents the
interval time between the two peaks
Double-Ended (Close End) Technique

In this method, communication between the two buses is required along the
line because the peaks travel along the entire line from one bus to the
other. The fault voltage and current magnitude are recorded at each bus,
and the velocity of propagation is determined by the line parameters

Where L is the entire length ,V is the velocity of propagation of the line and
is the difference between two consecutive peaks . Therefore, the
difference in time and the velocity of propagation are subtracted by the
total length.

 
 Double-Ended (Remote End) Technique

In this method, communication is required between the two buses along

the line because the peaks travel along the entire line from one bus to
the other. The fault voltage and current magnitude are recorded at each
bus, and the velocity of propagation is determined by the line
parameters. Therefore, one wave travels backward to the bus as the first
peak and the other travels forward as the second peak to the second bus
and bounces back to the initial stage.

Where L is the total length and V is the velocity of propagation of the line.
 
Ultra-High-Speed Polarity Comparison
Technique
The direction element of the protection principle is a polarity
comparison relay. It detects the initial voltage travelling wave and
current travelling wave as comparison objects. When the voltage
travelling wave and current travelling wave have opposite polarities
of both sides, the internal fault can be determined. When the voltage
travelling wave and current travelling wave have same polarities of
any side, the external fault can be determined. The schematic of
protection is shown in Table 1.
 Digital differential protection of
transformer
Differential protection schemes are mainly used for protection against phase-to-
phase fault and phase to earth faults .The differential protection used for power
transformers is based on Merz-Prize circulating current principle. Such types of
protection are generally used for transformers of rating exceeding 2 MVA.

Connection for Differential Protection for Transformer

The power transformer is star connected on one side and delta connected on the
other side. The CTs on the star connected side are delta-connected and those on
delta-connected side are star-connected. The neutral of the current transformer
star connection and power transformer star connections are grounded.
The restraining coil is connected between the secondary winding of the current
transformers. Restraining coils controls the sensitive activity occurs on the system.
The operating coil is placed between the tapping point of the restraining coil and
the star point of the current transformer secondary windings.
Working of Differential Protection
System
Normally, the operating coil carries no current as the current are
balanced on both the side of the power transformers. When the
internal fault occurs in the power transformer windings the
balanced is disturbed and the operating coils of the differential relay
carry current corresponding to the difference of the current among
the two sides of the transformers. Thus, the relay trip the main
circuit breakers on both sides of the power transformers.
• Problem Associated with Differential Protection System
When the transformer is energizing the transient inrush of
magnetizing current is flows in the transformer. This current is as
large as 10 times full load current and its decay respectively. This
magnetizing current is flows in the primary winding of the power
transformers due to which it causes a difference in current
transformer output and it makes the differential protection of the
transformer to operate falsely.
 To overcome this problem the kick fuse is placed across the relay coil.
These fuses are of the time-limit type with an inverse characteristic and
do not operate in short duration of the switch in the surge. When the
fault occurs the fuses blow out and the fault current flows through the
relay coils and operate the protection system. This problem can also be
overcome by using a relay with an inverse and definite minimum type
characteristic instead of an instantaneous type.
 
Digital line differential protection
The probability of fault occurrence on the overhead lines is much more due
to their greater lengths and exposure to atmospheric conditions. The
protection of transmission and distribution lines are important concerned.

PROTECTION SCHEME
Protection is based on measuring the current signals at both ends of the
transmission line and transmitted via communication network. The
protection scheme applied on the power system network is shown in Figure.1.
Technique can be explained through analysis of three key components.
Synchronization element
  Differential element
  Decision element
Fig.1. Power system network
 Synchronization element

In order to evaluate the differential protection based on current signals

measured at both ends of the transmission line, the current samples
have to be taken at the same time intervals at both ends. This requires
relay operation to be synchronized, any time difference between the
relay signals will translate into differential current that may cause
panic operation of the relay.
There are many methods used for synchronizing the data measured at
both ends of the transmission line . In most of the techniques there is
a need for additional equipment or connecting equipment to the
satellites which increases the cost of manufacturing the relays.
In the proposed technique wireless communication network is used for
the synchronization of the relays.
Differential element
The differential element calculates the current deviation signals at
fastest rate at a speed of 8/9600 sec.

Decision element
The new current signals will be compared with the corresponding
current signals of the pre-specified set value. that the current which
flows through the line may be equal both under normal condition and
in the external fault conditions. The differential protection scheme
will receive the difference of sending and receiving end currents and
difference of currents is greater than the set point value during the
internal shunt faults. The difference of currents is equal to zero during
the internal series faults
Flow chart of the process of protecting
scheme
Recent advances in digital protection of power
system
The traditional protection devices cannot be able to protect complex power
system configuration due to many fault current loops will feed the fault point.
Relays based on standalone decisions cannot provide reliable and correct action
when use on a complex distribution system. Protecting the distribution grid in a
smart and cost-effective way can be a major challenge when faced with the
complexity of expanding network topologies .
Robust protection systems integrated with modern automation and information
systems and control and optimization protection settings limit outage-related
damage, help ensure fast restoration of the smart grid. The technology of
synchronized phasor measurements is well established. It provides an ideal
measurement system with which to protect, monitor and control a power
system, in particular during conditions of stress. Communication system
approaches and interface techniques are one of the most important parts in the
process of monitoring, control and protection of power systems. The wireless
communication network assists the protective relays to exchange the
information among them. The exchange of information among the relays assists
the protective relays to take an accurate decision.
Thank You