 Arterial Blood-Pressure

a. Definition
b. Regulation
 Mechanisms of B.P Regulation
 Nervous mechanism for B.P regulation
a. Baro-receceptor Mechanism
b. Chemoreceptor mechanism
 Renal mechanism for B.P regulation
 Hormonal Mechaism
 Local Mechanism
 Reflexes and Responses
 Marey Reflex
 Atrium-brainbridge Reflex
 Bezold-Jarisch Reflex
Definition
:
• Arterial blood pressure is defined as the lateral pressure exerted by
column of blood on wall of arteries.
the

• LOCAL FACTORS DETERMINIG THE ARTERIAL

BLOOD PRESSURE
There are four mechanisms for regulation of the blood
pressure.

1. Nervous mechanism or shortterm regulatory

mechanism
2. Renal mechanism or longterm regulatory mechanism
3. Hormonal mechanism
4. Local mechanism.
• Most rapid among all the mechanisms
• It operates through the vasomotor system.

Vasomotor System
Vasomotor system includes three components:
1. Vasomotor center (control heart rate)
2. Vasoconstrictor fibers (vasoconstriction)
3. Vasodilator fibers (vasodilation)

(Receives impulses from

Baroreceptors & Chemoreceptors.)
Rise in activation of impulses to nucleus
B.P baroreceptors of tractus solitarius

nucleus of
Reduces vasomotor inhibition of tractus solitarius acts
. tone vasoconstrictor area on vasomotor
excites vasodilator area center

Redution in peripheral resistance Blood-

& Vasodilatation occur pressure
decreases
(force of contraction &
Cardiac output decrease)
 When blood pressure falls below Carotid sinus and aortic arch
normal receptor potential

Cardiovascular center Rate of firing in afferent nerves

Sympathetic cardiac activity Heart rate

and and
sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity stroke
and volume
parasympathetic activity and
arteriolar and
venous
vasoconstr
Cardiac output
Blood pressure iction
and
increased toward
normal total peripheral resistance
Decreased blood pressure

Decreased flow of blood

Decrease in O & Increase in CO2

2

Excitation in the chemoreceptors

Send impulses to vasoconstrictors

Blood pressure rises and

blood flow increases
• Long term regulation of Arterial B.P
• Renal Mechanism works even when
nervous mechanism adapts to the new
pressure.
• Two ways of regulation of B.P
1. By regulation of ECF volume
2. Through renin-angiotensin mechanism.
Increase in excretion of water excretion of salts
B.P (pressure (sodium) (Pressure
diuresis) Natriuresis)

Blood pressure decrease in blood decrease in ECF

restored volume volume
Decrease in reabsorption Increase in ECF
B.P from & Blood
renal-tubules volumes

Blood pressure Increase in cardiac

Restored output
Renin along with Angiotensin forms Renin-
Angiotensin system, which is a hormone system
that plays an important role in the maintenance of
blood pressure

Renin - J.G Cells of

Kidney
Angiotensinogen - Liver Cells
ACE - Lungs
• Local regulates blood pressure by
Vasoconstriction & vasodilatation.
mechanism

 Local vasoconstrictors
• Are also called EDCF (endothelium derived
constricting factors) as they are derived from vascular
endothelium.
• Common EDCF are ET1, ET2 & ET3.
• Produced by stretching of blood vessels &
cause vasoconstriction.
 Vasodilators of metabolic origin:
carbon monoxide, lactate, H+ & adenosine.
 Vasodilators of Endothelial
origin:
• Nitroxides
• NO3 (nitrate)
• NO+
NO- (nitroxyl
(nitrosonium ion)
anion)
• Vasomotor center regulates the cardiac activity by
receiving impulses from different sources in the body.
After receiving the impulses from different sources, the
vasodilator area alters the vagal tone and modulates the
activities of the heart.
• Various sources from which the impulses reach the
vasomotor center:
1. IMPULSES FROM BARORECEPTORS – MAREY
REFLEX
2. IMPULSES FROM RIGHT ATRIUM – BAINBRIDGE
REFLEX
3. BEZOLD-JARISCH REFLEX
• Baroreceptors regulate the heart rate through Marey
reflex.
Stimulus for this reflex is increase in blood pressure.
• Marey reflex is a cardioinhibitory reflex that decreases
heart rate when blood pressure increases.
• Whenever blood pressure increases, the aortic and carotid
baroreceptor are stimulated.
• stimulatory impulses are sent to nucleus of tractus
solitarius via Hering nerve and aortic nerve.
• then nucleus of tractus solitarius stimulates vasodilator area
and increase the vagal tone leading to decrease the heart
rate
• Bainbridg reflex is a cardio accelerator reflex.
• Increases the heart rate.
• This reflex rises from right atrium.
• Increase in venous return causes distention of right
atrium and stimulation of stretch receptors, situated in
the wall of right atrium.
• Stretch receptors, in turn, sends impulses to vasodilator
area of vasomotor center. Vasodilator area is inhibited,
resulting in decrease in vagal tone and increase in heart
rate.
• This is also called coronary chemoreceptor reflex.
• Bezold- Jarisch reflex is a pathological reflex and it
does not occur in physiological conditions.
• Conditions when Bezold-Jarisch Reflex Occurs.
1. Myocardial infarction
2 . Administration of thrombolytic agents
3. Hemorrhage
4. Aortic stenosis
5. Syncope.
• Hypertension
• Hypotension
• Hypertension; when systolic pressure remain
elevated above 150 mm Hg and diastolic
pressure remains 90 mm Hg is called
hypertension.
• Hypotension; when the systolic pressure
is less then 90 mm Hg is called
hypotension.