DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

LESSON 1: THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL

SCIENCES
 SOCIAL SCIENCE

• SOCIAL • SCIENCE
- Relating to human society and how it - The study of the physical and natural
organized. world and phenomena, especially by
using systematic observation and
experiment.
 LESSON 1: DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
• SOCIAL SCIENCE is a branch of science that deals with the institutions and
functioning of human society with the intrapersonal relationships.
Objectives:
• To define Social Sciences as the study of society.
• To distinguish Social Sciences and Natural Science and Humanities.
• Apply the use of Scientific Method in Social Research
-The three fields in Science units by using SCIENTIFIC METHOD, but commonly used
in SOCIAL SCIENCES and NATURAL SCIENCES than HUMANISM.
 SOCIAL SCIENCES
 The Study of Human
Society.
 A particular area of study that
relates to human behavior
and society.
Ex. Economics and Politics
 Human Behavior
NATURAL SCIENCE HUMANITIES
 A science that studies the  The branch of learning that
physical and natural world investigate human construct
or events that happens in and concerns as opposed to
nature. natural processes.
 That deals with matter,
energy, and their  The quality or state of being
interrelations and human.
transformations or with
objectively measurable  Seek Human Reaction
phenomena.
Ex. Physics, Chemistry,
Biology
 Experimental and Natural
phenomena.
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD- IS A SYSTEMATIC AND LOGICAL APPROACH IN ACQUIRING AND
EXPLAINING KNOWLEDGE.

It involves step-by-step procedure of identifying the problems.

1. Formulating a hypothesis and testing this hypothesis.
2. By gathering data
3. Analyzing relevant data
THE SCIENTIFIC AND TESTING THIS HYPOTHESIS
In research, the use of scientific method is required. Steps in scientific method (Rajasekharan 2013) are as follows:
4. Defining Problems.
5. Reviewing the Literature
6. Forming Hypothesis
7. Collecting and Analyzing data
8. Drawing Conclusion
STAGES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
• Define the research problem
• Review the Related Literature
• Formulate Hypothesis
• Prepare the research design
• Collect Data
• Analyze Data
QUESTIONS TO BE ASK?
What are the variables or the units of analysis being studied?
What is the time frame or period of the study
What has been written about the topic?
What are the research gasps?
What are the specific parameters of the research problem?
What are the means of manipulating the variables and measuring
the result of study?
Is the research going to be descriptive, exploratory, or
experimental?
How should the sample be selected from the population?
Will the interviews be done personally or over the phone?
Who are the target participants of the survey?
What do the data reveal about the relationships of the variables
being studied?
How do the data answers the research problem?
 TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
ACCORDING TO SELLUZ, ET AL. RESEARCH DESIGN IS THE ARRANGEMENT OF CONDITIONS FOR THE
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA IN A MANNER THAT AIMS TO COMBINE RELEVANCE TO THE RESEARCH
PURPOSES WITH THE ECONOMY IN PROCEDURE
THIS IS THE RESEARCH DESIGN TABLE:

TYPES CHARACTERISTICS

• DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH -It provides answer to the basic questions associated with the research problems.
Ex. A descriptive study that factors that lead to domestic violence.

• HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
-This design collects, verifies, and synthesizes evidence from the past in order to
validate or reject hypothesis.
Ex. Martial Law in the Philippines
-This type of research answers the questions. ‘What causes something to occur?
Ex. A study on the effect of sleep deprivation on health and productivity.

• EXPLORATORY RESEARCH - This design tackles research problems that have little or no previous studies done
on it.
Ex. A comparative study on the effectiveness of same sex parenting vs. conventional
parenting.
• CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH - This design measures similarities o differences across groups and subjects.
Ex. A study on the incidence of breast cancer across different age groups of
women.

• LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH - It studies the same sample across time or across regular time intervals. This
design allows researchers to track changes that occur over a period of and
identify the variables that might causing the changes.
- Ex. A study on the effect of TV programming to violent behavior among
children
• SEQUENTIAL RESEARCH - This type of design carried out in a series over a interval.
- Ex. A Study on the effects of diet, exercise, and common medication on heart
disease conducted across different age groups.

• CASE STUDY -This type of design is applied to study a very particular research problem.
Ex. Improving school conditioned by changing public in South Los Angeles.

• META ANALYSIS -This type of design evaluates and summarizes the result of other individual
studies.
Ex. Fertility and Women’s Employment
 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
• QUALITATIVE method analyzes data such as interviews, narratives, and literary text. The emphasis in
qualitative analysis is sense-making or understanding a phenomenon rather than predicting or explaining.
• QUANTITATIVE method analyzes quantifiable or numeric data does not provide an absolute measurement
of human ideals like happiness or quality education, this method provide the indicator like the size of the
population the country, and the presence absence of the corruption in the country.
• According to JOHN CRESSWELL (2013) described the mixed method as a research approach that
integrates both QUANTITATIVE and QUALITATIVE data in a single to address the research questions.
POVERTY AS A SOCIAL ISSUE IN THE PHILIPPINES:
 According to the PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY, the poverty incidence among filipinos for the
first quarter of 2015 is at 26.3 % is lower compared to the same period in 2012 is at 27.9%.
 How Social Sciences shapes lives? Social Sciences help to shape the lives of the filipino through the help of
the Government Policies that is also based on specific studies conduct in social issues.
 Ex. The 4ps of Former President Noynoy Aquino and the cct by Former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
LESSON 2: SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

Disciplines or branches in the social sciences:

• Anthropology
• Geography
• Linguistics
• Psychology
• Economics
• History
• Political Science
• Sociology
Objectives:
• Identify the different disciplines or branches in Social Sciences.
• Trace the historical foundations and the social contexts that led to the development of each discipline.
• Differentiate the various social science discipline and their contents , areas of inquiry and methodologies.
1. Anthropology- is the study of ancient societies and their cultural traditions. It from the two Greek word
Anthropos meaning “human kind” and logos meaning “study”.
The two broad fields of Anthropology:
 Physical Anthropology- is also called Biological Anthropology that studies the biological evolution of a man.
 Cultural Anthropology- it investigates and seeks to understand the cultural features of societies.
 Archaeology- it seek to understand the past life of ancient societies, trace the cultural changes that took place
and the reason behind the changes.
 ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS- is the study of Language in the society or community language. It also
involves the emergence, divergence of languages, and the changes in the language across time.
 ETHNOLOGY- is the study of marriage customs , kinship patterns, economic systems, and religious rites of
cultural groups, and it compares it with the way of life of contemporary societies. (Ember 2002)
2. ECONOMICS- is the study of efficient allocation of scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited human needs
and wants. The word economic came from the two Greek words, “oikos” meaning home and “nomos”
meaning management.
 The Factors of production are classified into four categories are the following:
 LAND- is anything that comes from nature which gives life and support to all living creatures.
EX. Clean air, timber resources, and water.
 LABOR- refers to any human effort exerted during the production process.
EX. Physical exertion, Application of skill, talent, and exercise of intellectual faculties.
 CAPITAL- refers to anything that can be used to create and manufacture goods and service.
EX. Buildings, Infrastractures , machines , and other tool that are used in the production process.
 ENTREPRENEURSHIP- is the ability to organized all the factors of production in order to carry out effectively
the production process.
CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMICS:
• MICROECONOMICS- is the study of the choices made by economic actors such as households,companies, and
individual market.
• MACROECONOMICS- studies the choices of individuals as consumers and as workers.
ECONOMIC THINKERS ARE:
 Adam Smith- also know as “The Father of Economics” his famous work (“An Inquiry into the nature and causes
of the wealth of Nation 1776)
 Thomas Malthus- an known for his work (‘An essay on the principle of population 1798)
 David Ricardo- his work is the (Principle of Political Economy and Taxation)
3. GEOGRAPHY- studies the interaction between the natural environment and the people living it.
DIVISION OF GEOGRAPHY:
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY- Studies the Natural features of the earth such as climate, soil vegetation and water.
 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY- Studies human population and the impact of its activities on the planet.
 ERASTOSTHENES OF CYRENE Is also known as the Father of Geography, he wrote the first scholarly
treaties “GEOGRAPHIKA”.
4. HISTORY- as the study of the recorded past. Comes from the Greek word LOTOPIA or HISTORIA, meaning
“learning”.
 HERODUTOS OF HALICARNASSUS- goes the credit by employing the historical method; he wrote about the
Greek wars against Persia during the 3rd decade of the 5th Century BC Rigorous Method were employed as the
HISTORIES.
 THUCYDIDES- Wrote about the history of Peloponnesian War in the 5th Century BC.
5. LINGUISTICS- Came from the latin word “Ligua” meaning language . The discipline studies the nature of Language
through examination of the formal properties of Natural Language, grammar, and the process of language acquisition.
 PHONETICS- Study of Speech.
 PHONOLOGY- Study of Speech Sounds Pattern.
 MORPHOLOGY- Study of how words are categorized or formed.
 SYNTAX- Study of how words are combined to form a sentence.
 SEMATICS- Study of meaning-making
 PRAGMATICS- Study of Language context.
Some Scholars who have made relevant contribution to the Study Of Linguistics European Linguist:
• Friedrich Von Schiegel
• France Bopp
• Rasmus Christian Rasl
• Willhelm Von Hunboldt (The Basque Language)
6. POLITICAL SCIENCE- Is the study of politics, power, and Government. POLITICS come from the Greek word
‘politea’, or a person who participates in polis.
POWER- Is the means for Government to rule the people.
 GOVERNMENT- Is the authority of the bureaucracy that provides the system of rule over it’s territory and for
it’s people.
POLITICAL THINKERS:
 ARISTOTLE- He is considered as a pioneer in the field of political inquiry, his books entitled POLITICS that
makes the connection between the happiness and virtue of political community to the people Participation in
Politics.
 JOHN LOCKE- Wrote the “Two Treaties of the Government” (1689), explain the concept of representative
Government and the people’s right to revolution.
 JOHN STUART MILL- He wrote the book entitled “ Consideration on Representative Government (1861)
7. PSYCHOLOGY- Is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It comes from the two Greek words .
‘Psyche’ meaning “Soul or Spirit”, and ‘logos’ meaning “study”.
The three major field of Psychology:
 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY- Assesses and finds treatment for people with psychological disorders.
 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY- Studies the intellectual , social, emotional, and developmental across
lifespan.
 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY- Studies the most basic concepts of psychology like cognition, perception,
memory, and learning but mostly conducted on animals instead of human.
 WILHELM WUNDT- Is considered as the “ Father of Modern Psychology”
 WILLIAN JAMES- Studied the concept of functionalism, which analyzes the function or purpose of behavior
and not simply a description.
 SIGMUND FREUD- Is known for his Psychoanalytic Personality Theory, which divides the personality into Id,
Ego, Super Ego.
8. SOCIOLOGY- Is the systematic study of human society . It comes from the Latin words “Socius” meaning “friend” or
“companion” and the Greek word “logos” meaning “study’ .
o AUGUST COMTE- He is a French Social Thinker who coined the word Sociology in 1838 to encapsulate the ideas of
improving society by understanding hoe it operate.
o HARRIET MARTINEAU- Is regarded as the First Women Sociologist.

9. DEMOGRAPHY- Is the study of human population. It comes from the two Greek words ‘demos’ meaning “the people” and
‘graphos’ “charting or mapping”.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION:
 FERTILITY- Is the incidence of child bearing in a country’s population (Macionis 2006).
 MORTALITY- Incidence of death rate , or number of death for every 1,00 in population.
 MIGRATION- This is the movement of people into and out of a particular territory.
DEMOGRAPHERS:
 EDMOND HALLEY- Is one of the earliest demography and a scientist that study a person’s likelihood of death.
 THOMAS MALTHUS- Highlights the main area of inquiry which is population growth rate , and which he believes to be
growing.
 CHAPTER 2: DOMINANT APPROACHES AND IDEAS IN THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES

LESSON 1 : EMPIRICAL- ANALYTICAL APPROACHES IN THE

• Objectives: SOCIAL SCIENCES
 Analyze the key differences between empirical-analytical, historical-hermeneutic, and empirical –critical
approaches in social sciences.
 Define key Concepts and ideas relevant to the various approaches in the social sciences.
 Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the dominant approaches in the social sciences.
 According to RICHARDSON and FOWERS 1998, each approach has a different disciplinal orientation
characterized by a set of epistemological ideals and value commitments.
 According to JURGEN HABERMAS were a German Philosopher and Sociologist whose work was closely tied to a
form of Political- Philosophy and social criticism known as CRITICAL THEORY.
\1.1 MICROLEVEL APPROACHES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
• RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY- Is a powerful tool in making sense of why people act or behave in
the way they do.
According to the person who studied RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY:
ELSTER 1989 The essence of rational choice theory is that “ when faced with several courses of action,
people usually do what they believe is likely to have the best overall outcome.
 Ward (behavioralist) action are based on their preferences, beliefs, and feasible strategies.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORIST EXPLANATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS AND THE
OUTCOMES THEY LEAD TO ARE ANCHORED ON THREE PILLARS:
 Strategies our courses of action open and available to them.
 Their preference over the end-states to which combines of action chosen by the various players lead.
 Their beliefs about important parameters such as others preferences.
 HERBERT SIMON- Believes that individuals use standard operating procedures as heuristic device and as a
shorthand guide to rational action.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM- Is a sociological framework that focuses on the different meanings
individual attach to objects, peoples, and interactions as well as the corresponding behaviors that reflect those
meanings and interpretation.
 GEORGE HERBERT MEAD- Was an Influential figure in the field of symbolic interactionism. According to
him GESTURES are important in communication.
USAGE OF GESTURE THREEFOLD
1. PLAY STAGE children identify with key figures in their environments, such as the mother or father, as well as
occupational or gender-specific roles to they have been exposed and replicate the behavioral norms that
corresponds their action.
2. GAME STAGE children understand from the better or good point of the roles they have imitated by assuming
the roles that their counterparts concurrently undertake.
3. GENERALIZED refers to widespread cultural norms and values we use as a preference in evaluating ourselves.
• THE THREE OVERARCHING PREMISES THAT CONSTITUTE SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
1. Assumes that meaning is an important element of human existence , a concept that is both subjective and
individualistic, and that people consequently act in accordance with the meaning they construe.
2. Assert that people identify and mold their unique symbolic reference through the process of socialization.
3. Affirms that there is cultural dimension that intertwines the symbolic educational development.

Symbolic Interaction has both “insider” and “outsider”. The insider’s criticism focus on the method and the central
concepts of symbolic interactionism. Outsider’s Criticism, on the other hand, highlights the structural bias in
symbolic interactionism.
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