Arduino

LAB 5

Analog I/O

Didam Ahmed

1
 Analog Read

 analogRead()

 Reads the value from the specified analog pin. 

 Arduino Uno uses 10-bit analog to digital converter.

 This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and 5 volts into integer
values between 0 and 1023.

 Syntax
 analogRead(pin)
 potentiometer

 A potentiometer is a simple knob that provides a variable resistance, which we can

read into the Arduino board as an analog value.
 potentiometer

 Variable resistors, also known as potentiometers, can generally be adjusted

from 0 Ω up to their rated value
 Variable resistors have three pin connections: one in the center pin and one
on each side.
 As the shaft of a variable resistor turns, it increases he resistance between
one side and the center and decreases the resistance between the center and
the opposite side.
 Vout =  {R2/(R1+R2)} x V; where V= supply voltage.

ExampleA resistor, R1 of 150Ω is connected in series with a 50 Ω resistor, R2 acrosss a 10 Volt
supply ohm resistor as shown . Calculate the total series resistance, the current flowing
through the series circuit and the voltage drop across the 50 ohm resistor.
 potentiometer

int analogPin = 0;
int val=0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
val=analogRead(analogPin);
Serial.println(val);
}
 Map Function

 map()
 Mathematical Function
 Re-maps a number from one range to another.

 That is, a value of fromLow would get mapped to toLow,

 a value of fromHigh to toHigh,

 values in-between to values in-between, etc.

 Project

 Using Potentiometer to control brightness of a LED

 Hardware Required

 Arduino Board
 Potentiometer
 Red LED
 220 ohm resistor
Circuit
Program
 What are Sensors?

Collect information about the world

 Sensor - an electrical/mechanical/chemical device that maps
an environmental attribute to a quantitative measurement

 A sensor acquires a physical parameter and converts it into a

signal suitable for processing (e.g. optical, electrical,
mechanical)

 A device which provides a usable output in response to a

specified measurand
 Need for Sensors

 Sensors are omnipresent. They are embedded in our

bodies, automobiles, airplanes, cellular telephones,
radios, chemical plants, industrial plants and
countless other applications.

 Without the use of sensors, there would be no

automation !!
Why do robots need sensors?
Will I hit anything?

obstacle detection
 Sensing for specific tasks

Where is the cropline?

Autonomous
harvesting
 Types of Sensors
 Active
Send signal into environment and measure interaction of signal with environment
e.g. radar, sonar
 Passive
record signals already present in environment
e.g. thermostat
 Thermometer

 Temperature can be represented by an analog signal.

 We can measure temperature using the LM35 voltage output temperature sensor
made by Analog Devices
 Project

 Arduino Uno 
 LM35 Temperature Sensor
 Some connecting wire.
 A to B cable
Circuit
 Program

float temp;
int tempPin = A0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
temp = analogRead(tempPin);
temp = temp * 0.48828125;
Serial.print("TEMPRATURE;
Serial.print(temp);
Serial.print(" Degree Celsius");
Serial.println();
delay(1000);
}