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The Origin of The Solar System
The Origin of The Solar System
Solar System
The Great Chain of Origins:
Early Hypotheses
1) Catastrophic hypotheses
Example: passing star hypothesis:
Star passing the sun closely tore material out of the sun,
from which planets could form (no longer considered)
Catastrophic hypotheses predict:
Only few stars should have planets!
2) Evolutionary hypotheses
Example: Laplace’s nebular hypothesis:
Rings of material separate from the spinning cloud, carrying away angular
momentum of the cloud cloud could contract further (forming the sun)
Extrasolar planets
can not be imaged
directly.
Over 100
extrasolar planets
detected so far.
The Solar system includes
• The sun, planets, moons, asteroids,
comets, gases, solar wind.
Survey of the
Solar System
Relative Sizes
of the Planets
Assume, we reduce all bodies
in the solar system so that the
Earth has diameter 0.3 mm.
Sun: ~ size of a small plum.
Mercury (7o)
Ma
Sense of revolution:
er
Earth counter-clockwise
pi t
Pluto (17.2o)
Ju
Sense of rotation:
o
counter-clockwise
Plut
nus
n (with exception of Ur a
a t ur Venus, Uranus,
e
S
tun
and Pluto)
Ne p
(Distances and times reproduced to scale)
Two Kinds of Planets
Planets of our solar system can be divided
into two very different kinds:
Relatively small in
size and mass (Earth
is the largest and
most massive)
Rocky surface
Not seen on
Jovian planets
because they
don’t have a
solid surface.
The Jovian Planets
Much larger in mass
and size than
terrestrial planets
Much lower
average density
Mostly gas; no
solid surface
Space Debris
In addition to planets, small bodies orbit the sun:
Asteroids, comets, meteoroids
Asteroid
Eros,
imaged by
the NEAR
spacecraft
Comets
Visible as streaks of
light: meteors.
The Age of the Solar System
Sun and planets should
have about the same age.
Measure abundance of a
radioactively decaying
element to find the time
since formation of the rock.
Unchanged composition of
accreted matter over time
As rocks melted, heavier
elements sink to the center
differentiation
This also produces a
secondary atmosphere
outgassing
Improvement of this scenario: Gradual
change of grain composition due to
cooling of nebula and storing of heat
from potential energy
The Jovian Problem
Two problems for the theory of planet formation:
Solution:
Computer simulations show that Jovian planets can
grow by direct gas accretion without forming rocky
planetesimals.
Clearing the Nebula
Remains of the protostellar nebula were cleared away by:
• Radiation pressure of the • Sweeping-up of space debris by planets
sun
• Solar wind • Ejection by close encounters with planets