MODULE 1: General Concepts and Historical

Events in Science, Technology, and Society

(The Cradles of Early Science)

Edgar M. Menor Jr. RPh.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:

 Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history.
 Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the
environment.
 Identify the paradigm shifts in history.
INTRODUCTION

What is science? (Scientia)

 knowledge about the natural world that is based on facts learned through
experiments and observation.
 Galileo Galilei – Father of modern science coined by Albert Einstein
What is Technology?
 Is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as
it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment.
What is Society?
 Is a group of people involved with each other through persistent relations, or a large
social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically same
dominant cultural expectations.
Science, Technology and Society

 Science and Technology plays a major role in our day to day living. It allows
us to complete our tasks easier and more efficient.
 S&T innovations help us accomplish difficult and complicated tasks with so
little time and so little effort without sacrificing its output.
 This module will focus on the development of science and scientific ideas in
the community and on how it gradually made an impact on our society
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Transportation - our means of moving from place to place have developed

faster and more comprehensive with every passing generation of technology.
Ex: Bikes, Cars, Boats, Planes etc.
Why do we need Transportation?
ANS: people look for new places, discover new horizons, search for food, find
better locations for settlements, and trade surplus goods for what is needed, we
have progressed from relying on human and animal muscle to the utilizing
combustion-powered automobiles, aircraft, and rockets.
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Communication - is the transmission of information for the purpose of creating

understanding, especially to facilitate human endeavors in discovering and
occupying new places to settle in and explore as well as to expedite transactions
in the trade industry and prevention of conflicts.
Ex: cuneiform, ink, papyrus, paper, hieroglyphics, newspaper, bound book or codex,
numbers, Greek and Latin alphabet, parchment and vellum, printing press,
photography, telegraph, telephone, phonograph, motion picture, radio, television,
transistor, communications satellite, personal computer
What do you think are the changes in our communication from the beginning to
present?
ANS: transformed drastically that it extended limitless possibilities in our reach,
broadened our vision, and expanded our knowledge that we are often said to live in
the Age of Information.
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Food production, agriculture, and industry

- Growth of new materials and objects are vital to the maintenance of life.
-Increasing number people in different parts of the world.
-These factors were fundamental to defining human beings as superior to all
other living creatures.
Ex: Examples: plowshare, silk, tea, bronze, iron, petroleum refinery, power
loom, canning, refrigeration, steel, aluminum, sheet and plate glass, rayon,
Bakelite, combine harvester, industrial robots, fullerenes.
What do you think are the improvements of food production, agriculture and
Industry?
ANS: demonstrate the loyalty of human beings to make their material lives safe,
easier, comfortable, and prosperous.
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Military - Weapons and armors were important in the discovery of new

places, especially in the establishment of alliances, taking of needed
resources, conflicts, security, and protection.
Why do you think stronger nation colonizes weaker nations?
ANS: Stronger nations tend to invade and colonize weaker ones to expand their
territories as well as their resources.
Ex: spear, bow and arrow, gunpowder, rifled muzzle- loaders, submarine,
machine gun, assault rifle, tank, ballistic missile, nuclear weapons
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Conservation of life, medicine, and health - Nothing testifies more

convincingly to human ingenuity than their ability to understand the
processes of the human body.
 to influence the longevity of life through the study and improving the
processes of saving lives, maintaining good health, and preventing the spread
of diseases.
 Examples: smallpox vaccine, general anesthesia, pasteurization, X- ray
imaging, insulin, antibiotics, blood transfusion, polio vaccine, birth control
pill, heart transplantation, genetic engineering, cloning.
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Engineering and architecture - The building of great structures is a sign

not only of human inventiveness but of organization.
 Architectural designs - though seen by some as a mere style, are actually
signs of technological advancement. It is a status symbol of how advanced
a nation’s technology is and it establishes the identity of a nation.
Ex: irrigation, dike, Wonders of the World, aqueduct, arch, brick, dam, Roman
dome, plumbing, paved road, reinforced concrete, suspension bridge etc.
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Aesthetics - Humans also developed technology to improve how they look.

This is to make them visually appealing and presentable through addition of
features and decorations.
Examples: wig, cosmetics.
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Power and energy - Fundamental to all inventions are power and energy, the
harnessing of the capacity of the physical world to do work. The human race
has applied its genius to using all sources of energy for a multitude of ends.
Ex: waterwheel, controlled fire, windmill, steam engine, electric battery,
electric generator and motor, incandescent lightbulb, steam turbine, gasoline
engine, jet engine, nuclear reactor laser, wind turbine, solar cell, fuel cell
Lesson 1: Driving Concerns for Science and Technology
Development

 Observation and measurement. Magnitude—especially the magnitude of

time and distance—is a property that has always defied human beings but that
people in turn have always tried to master.
We have the invention of clocks and calendars for dividing time into discrete
units, or of telescopes and microscopes for viewing objects too small or too far
away for the eye to see.
Examples: water clock or clepsydra, alarm clock, Gregorian calendar, clock,
watch, telescope, microscope, radar, atomic clock, calculator
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!
MUCH LOVE.
Sources:

 Module 1: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technology, and Society (The Cradles of Early Science)
 https://www.nmspacemuseum.org/inductee/galileo-galilei/#:~:text=Albert%20Einstein%20called%20Galileo%20the,accomplished
%20Florentine%20mathematician%2C%20and%20musician.