Genomic 

library construction. Construction of a genomic library involves creating many

recombinant DNA molecules. An organism's genomic DNA is extracted and then digested with
a restriction enzyme. For organisms with very small genomes (~10 kb), the digested fragments
can be separated by gel electrophoresis.
Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in
which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the
permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs, or DNA to be
introduced into the cell (also called electrotransfer).

Microinjection is the use of a glass micropipette to inject a liquid substance

at a microscopic or borderline macroscopic level. The target is often a living
cell but may also include intercellular space. Microinjection is a simple
mechanical process usually involving an inverted microscope with a 
magnification power of around 200x (though sometimes it is performed using
a dissecting stereo microscope at 40–50x or a traditional 
compound upright microscope at similar power to an inverted model).
• A liposome is a spherical vesicle having at least one lipid bilayer. The
liposome can be used as a vehicle for  administration
 of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. Liposomes can be prepared by
disrupting biological membranes (such as by sonication).

• Liposomes are most often composed of phospholipids, especially 

phosphatidylcholine, but may also include other lipids, such as egg 
phosphatidylethanolamine, so long as they are compatible with 
lipid bilayer structure.A liposome design may employ surface ligands for
attaching to unhealthy tissue.

• The major types of liposomes are the multilamellar vesicle (MLV, with
several lamellar phase lipid bilayers), the small unilamellar liposome
 vesicle (SUV, with one lipid bilayer), the large unilamellar vesicle (LUV),
and the cochleate vesicle. A less desirable form are multivesicular
liposomes in which one vesicle contains one or more smaller vesicles.

• Liposomes should not be confused with lysosomes, or with micelles

 and reverse micelles composed of monolayers.
Western blotting technique: principle, procedure and
application
Principle:
• Western blotting technique is used for identification of particular
protein from the mixture of protein.
• In this method labelled antibody against particular protein is used
identify the desired protein, so it is a specific test. Western
blotting is also known as immunoblotting because it uses
antibodies to detect the protein.
Procedure/Steps:
1.Extraction of protein
2.Gel electrophoresis: SDS PAGE
3.Blotting: electrical or capillary blotting
4.Blocking: BSA
5.Treatment with primary antibody
6.Treatment with secondary antibody( enzyme labelled anti Ab)
7.Treatment with specific substrate; if enzyme is alkaline
phosphatase, substrate is p-nitro phenyl phosphate which give
Application:
1.To determine the size and amount of protein in given
sample.

2.Disease diagnosis: detects antibody against virus or bacteria

in serum.

3.Western blotting technique is the confirmatory test for HIV.

It detects anti HIV antibody in patient’s serum.

4.Useful to detect defective proteins. For eg Prions disease.

5.Definitive test for Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, Lyme disease,

Hepatitis B and Herpes
Flow diagram outlining the general procedure for RNA detection by northern
blotting.
Capillary blotting system setup for the transfer of RNA
from an electrophoresis gel to a blotting membrane.