Assignment on:

Applied breeding techniques

Of Cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat
Presented by:
Nabin Neupane
M.V.Sc.An.Sc
Department of Animal
breeding and Biotechnology
 INTRODUCTION
• Breeding means mating between two different sex animals
of same group to achieve some desirable goals.
• For the applied breeding, we need proper breeding
program.
• For this, superior sire and local dam for breeding program
is selected where genetic improvement will be through the
sire gene and the local female having the gene that is
adoptable in the local environment is selected.
• For this we must have some nucleus herds of pure and
cross bred animals.
BREEDING TECHNIQUES
Some applied breeding techniques used in cattle and
buffaloes are:
• group breeding
• cross breeding
• grading up
• individual selection
• mass selection.
In Nepalese context, basically selection and grading up
are main breeding techniques. In some cases, cross
breeding and group breeding are also in practice.
CATTLE
• There is haphazard and uncontrolled breeding
techniques are applied in cattle.
• Commercialization is not proper like advanced
countries.
• In limited farm as government farm and some
private farms, cross breeding is applied between
local and exotic cattle maintaining up to 50-62%
blood level of exotic breeding in local breed
• To maintain the local gene and conserve the native
cattle breed viz. Achhami, lulu, selective breeding is
done.
• Also, the group breeding as well as upgrading is done
for the local breeds to maintain its blood level and to
increase the production.
• In high hill region, yak is conserved and promoted
through within breed selection and breeding through
species hybridization process.
 BUFFALO
• Cross- bleeding is mainly used to maintain the herd for
higher production, there is no limitation of blood level in
buffalo due to fact that all Indian buffalo can easily sustain
the Nepalese environment.
• Commercialization is not proper like advanced countries.
• Main exotic breeds of buffalo are murrah, Jafrabadi etc. So
terai, local or lime buffalo are crossed with exotic breeds up
to 99 percent blood level because the local buffalo is hardy
for disease and sudden change in environment.
• Group breeding is also done with lime and Parkote to check
inbreeding.
• Upgrading and cross breeding two most applicable breeding
techniques.
• Individual selection (performance test) should be the basis of
selection program.
• Pedigree records, when weighted appropriately, improve the
accuracy of selection and arc useful for preliminary selection
of candidates.
• Progeny tests are useful when the population size is large,
the reproductive rate is high and heritability is low.
Biotechnological breeding techniques: used in
cattle and buffalo
1. Estrus synchronization and Artificial insemination (AI):
o Synchronization of estrus allow the farmers to shorten the
breeding season. CIDR device in conjunction with
gonadotropin hormone is used to bring in to estrus.
o It is primarily an economical measure in that fewer bulls are
required and maximum use can be made of the best sires.
Advantages of AI:
o The services and usefulness of superior sires are greatly
extended
o Facilitates for cross breeding to distant regions through
worldwide transfer of semen.
o Helps in better record keeping
o Outstanding animals located apart can be mated; etc Docility
is another factor to be considered for selection. In addition to
the safety and ease of handling over their lifetime, docility (or
lack of it) is partially a learned experience.
2. Embryo transfer (ET) or multiple ovulation embryo
transfer (MOET):
MOET involves three sequential step of super-ovulation, estrus synchronization
and embryo transfer. The Government of Nepal has established embryo transfer
facilities at NLBO, Pokhara and work have been started in dairy cattle.
 SHEEP AND GOAT

• Group breeding, cross breeding, grading up,

individual selection and mass selection are used.
• Basically, selection and grading up are the main
breeding techniques for livestock improvement in
Nepal.
 SHEEP AND GOAT

• Group breeding, cross breeding, grading up,

individual selection and mass selection are used.
• Basically, selection and grading up are the main
breeding techniques for livestock improvement in
Nepal.
 SHEEP
o Selection breeding and group breeding is done for
the native breed Bhyanglung found in Himalaya
region.
o The native Kage breed of sheep is developed
through selection for mid-hill regions.
o Group breeding also checks the inbreeding in those
sheep and maintains the quality product.
o Other exotic breeds as polworth are cross bred with
the local sheep as kage, lampuchhre etc up to 75%
blood level to increase production and reduce the
risk of disease attack and environmental shock
GOAT
o Popular exotic breed like Boer, Jamunapari,
Barbari, and Beetal are mainly used for
crossbreeding and upgrading of indigenous Khari
and Terai breed of goats.
o With regard to genetic improvement of indigenous
breed, selection within native breed is popular.
o Nepal government has focused mainly on selection
and mating within the existing native goat
population.
o To maintain the genetic purity, Chyangra and Sinhal are
bred within themselves without losing the adaptation
potential of flock.
o Massive cross breeding of Khari with Indian Jamunapari
and Barbari is done to increase the body weight and
productivity.
Various biotechnological approaches like AI, Embryo
transfer are being stepped up for breeding improvement of
sheep and goat though these approaches have not been
exploited widely so far in the country.
Thank you for listening