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Forces and Newton's Laws of Motion
Forces and Newton's Laws of Motion
15 N
5N
4.1 The Concepts of Force and Mass
4N 10 N 6N
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
5N
64
3N
4N
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion
m kg m
kg 2 2
s s
a
F 110 N
0.059 m s 2
m 1850 kg
4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law
F y ma y Fx ma x
4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law
4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law
ax
F x
23 N
0.018 m s 2
m 1300 kg
ay
F y
14 N
0.011 m s 2
m 1300 kg
4.5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
P 36 N
as 0.0033 m s 2
ms 11,000 kg
P 36 N
aA 0.39 m s 2
mA 92 kg
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
Fundamental Forces
1. Gravitational force
3. Electroweak force
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview
friction
tension in a rope
The force that each exerts on the other is directed along the line
joining the particles.
4.7 The Gravitational Force
m1m2
F G 2
r
6.67 10 11
N m kg
2 2 12 kg 25 kg
1.2 m 2
8
1.4 10 N
4.7 The Gravitational Force
4.7 The Gravitational Force
Definition of Weight
M Em
W G 2
r
W mg
ME
g G 2
r
4.7 The Gravitational Force
ME
g G 2
RE
6.67 10 11
N m kg
2 2 5.98 10 kg
24
6.38 10 m
6 2
9.80 m s 2
4.8 The Normal Force
FN 11 N 15 N 0
FN 26 N
FN 11 N 15 N 0
FN 4 N
4.8 The Normal Force
Apparent Weight
F y FN mg ma
FN mg ma
true
apparent weight
weight
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces
The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any value
from zero up to a maximum value.
fs f s
MAX
f s
MAX
s FN
f k k FN
f k k FN k mg
0.05 40kg 9.80 m s 20kg 2
4.10 The Tension Force
Definition of Equilibrium
An object is in equilibrium when it has zero acceleration.
Fx 0
Fy 0
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
Reasoning Strategy
• Select an object(s) to which the equations of equilibrium are
to be applied.
• Choose a set of x, y axes for each object and resolve all forces
in the free-body diagram into components that point along these
axes.
T1 sin 35 T2 sin 35 0
T1 cos 35 T2 cos 35 F 0
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
T1 T1 sin 10.0 T1 cos10.0
T2 T2 sin 80.0 T2 cos 80.0
W 0 W
W 3150 N
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
sin 80.0
The first equation gives T1 T
2
sin 10.0
Substitution into the second gives
sin 80.0
T
2
cos 10. 0
T2 cos 80. 0
W 0
sin 10.0
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
W
T2
sin 80.0
cos 10.0
cos 80.0
sin 10.0
T2 582 N T1 3.30 10 N 3
4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
Fx ma x
Fy ma y
4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
T1 T1 cos 30.0
T1 sin 30.0
T2 T2 cos 30.0
T2 sin 30.0
D D 0
R 0
R
4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
T1 T2
ma x
4.12 Nonequilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
T1 T2 T
ma x R D
T 1.53 10 N
5
2 cos 30.0