Environmental Health

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

• Environmental health is
the branch of public
health that is
concerned with all
aspects of the natural
and built environment
that may affect human
health.
• Humans interact with the
environment constantly. These
interactions affect quality of
life.

•  Environmental health consists

of preventing or controlling
disease, injury, and disability
related to the interactions
between people and their
environment.
 S T E
W A E N T
GE M
AN A
M
1. The most well know method of
managing waste without pollution.
a. land fill
b. composting
c. recycling
d. burning waste materials
2. This process of waste management
involves breaking down the materials
into organic compounds that can be used
as manure.
a. land fill
b. composting
c. recycling
d. burning waste materials
3. Proper waste management starts in the home
for health and sanitation. What is the process
of discarding waste materials can you share
with the people in the community so that they
can be used again?
a. Ecology
b. Recycling
c. Garbology
d. Composting
4. This waste disposal is filling a dug open
place with the waste is then covered up
with soil.
a. land fill
b. composting
c. recycling
d. burning waste materials
5. Which among the different waste disposal
is not safe because they it gives off gases
like methane, which are highly hazardous.
a. land fill
b. composting
c. recycling
d. burning waste materials
6. A non-expensive and most known method of
managing waste
a. land fill
b. recycling
c. composting
d. burning waste materials
 4 ways of Waste Management
• It is important how you carry out waste
disposal.
• These wastes are harmful to the environment
and how you dispose them off depends on
how they affect the environment.
• Proper disposal of waste material helps keep
the environment free from disease causing
pathogens and keeps it green.
 Recycling
• Recycling is one of the most well know method of
managing waste. It is not expensive and can be
easily done by you.
• If you carry out recycling, you will save a lot of
energy, resources and thereby reduce pollution.
• You can also save money if you recycle. You can
recycle papers, glass, aluminum and plastics.
• Be a responsible citizen and reduce your waste by
recycling.
 Composting
• This is a natural process that is completely free of
any hazardous by-products.
• This process involves breaking down the materials
into organic compounds that can be used as
manure. You can carry out composting in your own
backyard.
• You can use the leaves, grass, twigs and add
vegetable and fruit peels and skins. You can use
this compost, which is rich in nutrients, to improve
the soil in your garden.
 Landfills
• Waste management through the use of landfills
involves the use of a large area.
• This place is dug open and filled with the waste
and is then covered up with soil.
• Landfills are not safe because they give off
gases like methane, which are highly hazardous
• The landfill should be properly lined and the
waste should not come in contact with the
adjoining areas.
 Burning The Waste Material
• If you cannot recycle or if there are no proper places
for setting up landfills, you can burn the waste matter
generated in your household.
• Controlled burning of waste at high temperatures to
produce steam and ash is a preferred waste disposal
technique.
• Combustion reduces the volume of waste to be
disposed significantly. Moreover, solid waste can
provide for a continuously available and alternative
source for generating energy through combustion. This
energy can be channeled into useful purposes.
THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH
ECOSYSTEM
- Ecosystems are
composed of
organisms
interacting with
each other and with
their environment
such that energy is
exchanged and
system-level
processes, such as
the cycling of
elements, emerge.
 INTERDEPENDENCY
The Web of Life

•An ecosystem is
made up of all the
living animals and
plants and the non-
living matter in a
particular place, like
a forest or lake.
• An ecosystem is a biological environment made
of of all the  living things in an area, as well as all
the nonliving (abiotic), physical components of
the environment with which the organisms
interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight.
Food chain
ELEMENTS OF A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

• Outdoor air quality

• Surface and ground water quality
• Toxic substances and hazardous wastes
• Homes and communities
• Infrastructure and surveillance
• Global environmental health
 E N TA L
I RO N M
EN V I O N
O L LU T
P
1. AIR POLLUTION
• is caused by the release of toxic gases
and particles into the atmosphere by
automobiles, factories, power
generating plants and burning trash.

• These pollutants can be carried long

distance by the wind or can rise up to
the upper levels of the atmosphere
where they can cause major
worldwide problems.
 
 Hole in Ozone layer

Ozone layer completely surrounds the planet and protects living

things from the ultra violet rays of the sun.
 
The green house effect is used to describe the warming effect
of certain gases in the atmosphere that trap heat from the
sun’s rays.
 
• Agricultural and Industrial
consumer practices are increasing
the amount of green house gases
in the atmosphere
• At the same time trees are being
cut which consume carbon
dioxide and give off oxygen, the
overall effect of these changes is
what we call global warming.
• Indoor Air Pollution- Indoor air pollutants
in tightly sealed buildings may lead to:

• Bronchitis
• Asthma
• Heart disease
• Emphysema
BRONCHITIS
• An inflammation
of the mucous
membranes of
the bronchi (the
larger and
medium-sized
airways that
carry airflow
from the trachea
 Categories
• ACUTE

• CHRONIC
 CAUSES
• Viruses cause bronchitis, including influenza A and B,
commonly referred to as "the flu.“
• Bronchitis occurs during the cold and flu season
• when a person inhales irritating fumes or dust, Chemical
solvents and smoke, including tobacco smoke.
• People at increased risk both of getting bronchitis and of
having more severe symptoms include the elderly, those
with weakened immune systems, smokers, and anyone
with repeated exposure to lung irritants.
 SYMPTOMS
• Acute bronchitis occurs after an
upper respiratory infection (common cold or a
sinus infection).

• The affected person may have symptoms such

as fever with chills, muscle aches, nasal
congestion, and sore throat.
ASTHMA
• Asthma is a common
chronic inflammatory
disease of the airways
characterized by
variable and recurring
symptoms, reversible
airflow obstruction.
 Classification of asthma
• Asthma may also be classified as atopic
 (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic).

atopic syndrome is a
predisposition toward developing
certain allergichypersensitivity
 reactions
 Signs & Symptoms
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath,
• chest tightness  
• Coughing
• Symptoms are often worse at night or in the
early morning, or in response to exercise or
cold air.
 HEART DISEASE
• Disease develops when a combination of fatty
material, calcium, and scar tissue (plaque)
builds up in the arteries that supply the heart
with blood.
• Through these arteries, called the
coronary arteries, the heart muscle
(myocardium) gets the oxygen and other
nutrients it needs to pump blood.
What Is Heart Disease?
 HEART DISEASE
• A diseases that involve the heart or 
blood vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins).
Every year, more than 1 million have a heart attack – a sudden interruption in the
heart's blood supply. This happens when there is a blockage in the coronary
arteries, the vessels that carry blood to the heart muscle. When blood flow is
blocked, heart muscle can be damaged very quickly and die.
Heart Attack Symptoms

• A heart attack is an
emergency even when
symptoms are mild.
Warning signs include:
• Pain or pressure in the
chest.
• Discomfort spreading to
the back, jaw, throat, or
arm.
• Nausea, indigestion, or
heartburn.
• Weakness, anxiety, or
shortness of breath.
• Rapid or irregular
heartbeats.
Heart Attack Symptoms in Women
• Women don't always feel chest pain with a heart attack.
Women have heartburn, loss of appetite, tiredness or
weakness, coughing, and heart flutters. These symptoms
should not be ignored. The longer you postpone
treatment, the more damage the heart may sustain.
EMPHYSEMA
EMPHYSEMA
 CAUSES
• SMOKING

• POLLUTION
7. An inflammation of the mucous membranes
of the bronchi that carry airflow from the
trachea to the lungs
a. Bronchitis
b. Asthma
c. Heart disease
d. Emphysema
8. Which of the following doesn’t cause air
pollution?
a. Factory
b. Trash burning
c. Oil spill
d. Power generator
9. These are the released toxic gases and
particles and carried by the wind where they
can cause major worldwide problems.
a. Air particles
b. Toxic gases
c. Air pollutants
d. Tear gases
10. It is the warm effect of certain gases in the
atmosphere that trap heat from the sun’s rays.
a. Stratosphere
b. Greenhouse effect
c. Climate change
d. Global discoloration
11. These are people’s life giver as it produces
oxygen and consumes CO2.
a. Doctors
b. First Aiders
c. Animals
d. Trees
12. Which of the following are major
contributors of air pollution?
a. Automobiles and smokers
b. Power generators and factories
c. Automobiles and factories
d. Agricultural and industrial consumer
practices
13. Pollutants in sealed buildings may cause
asthma, bronchitis, heart disease and
emphysema. These pollutants are called
______.
a. Indoor air pollutants
b. Outdoor air pollutants
c. Inside air pollutants
d. Outside air pollutants
14. What do you call the inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the bronchi (the larger
and medium-sized airways that carry airflow
from the trachea).
a. Bronchitis
b. Asthma
c. Emphysema
d. Heart disease
15. It is a common chronic inflammatory disease of
the airways characterized by variable and recurring
symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction. A
disease that involve the heart or blood
vessels (arteries, capillaries and veins).
a. Bronchitis
b. Asthma
c. Emphysema
d. Heart disease
16. It  is a common worldwide bacterial disease,
transmitted by the ingestion of food or water
contaminated with the feces of an infected
person, which contain the bacterium Salmonella
enterica ,
a. Cholera
b. Typhoid
c. Cancer
d. Gastro-intestinal disorder
17. ________ is an infection in the small
intestine caused by the bacterium
Vibrio cholerae. The main symptoms are
watery diarrhea and vomiting.
a. Cholera
b. Typhoid
c. Cancer
d. Gastro-intestinal disorder
 2. WATER POLLUTION
industry, agricultural and our daily activities
create a vast amount of waste water, which
contains many dangerous chemicals and
disease-causing organism.
Diseases spread by water pollution
• Cholera
• Typhoid
• Cancer
• Gastro-intestinal disorders
• Kidney and liver disorders
CHOLERA
• Cholera is an
infection in the
small intestine
caused by the
bacterium
Vibrio cholerae. The
main symptoms are
watery diarrhea and
vomiting.
 Signs and symptoms
• The primary symptoms: profuse painless
diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid..
• It is frequently described as "rice water” and
may have a fishy odor.
• An untreated person may produce 10–20
liters of diarrhea a day.
• The typical symptoms of dehydration include
low blood pressure, poor skin turgor (wrinkled
hands), sunken eyes, and a rapid pulse.
 Transmission
• Cholera is transmitted by contaminated food
or water.
• Drinking any infected water and eating any
foods washed in the water, as well as shellfish
living in the affected waterway, can cause a
person to contract an infection.
 Prevention
1.Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of
infected fecal waste water produced by cholera
victims and all contaminated materials (e.g. clothing,
bedding, etc.)
2.All materials that come in contact with cholera
patients should be sterilized by washing in hot water,
using chlorine bleach .
3. Hands that touch cholera patients or their clothing,
bedding, etc., should be thoroughly cleaned and
disinfected with chlorinated water or other effective
antimicrobial agents.
TYPHOID
•  is a common worldwide
bacterial disease,
transmitted by the
ingestion of food or
water contaminated with
the feces of an infected
person, which contain
the
bacterium Salmonella
enterica ,
 Signs and symptoms
• Typhoid fever is characterized by:
1. a slowly progressive fever as high as 40
°C (104 °F),
2. profuse sweating
3. and gastroenteritis.
4. Less commonly, a rash of flat,and rose-
colored spots may appear.
 four individual stages
First week
a. slow rising temperature with headache, and
cough.
b. bloody nose in a quarter of cases and abdominal
pain is also possible.
c. There is leukopenia, a decrease in the number
of circulating white blood cells,
d. a positive reaction and blood cultures are
positive for Salmonella.
Second Week
• high fever of 40 °C (104 °F)
• Delirium is frequent. This gives typhoid the nickname
"nervous fever".
• Rose spots appear on the lower chest and abdomen of
patients.
• Diarrhea can occur in this stage:
six to eight stools in a day, green with a characteristic
smell, comparable to pea soup. The spleen and liver are
enlarged and tender, and there is elevation of liver.
• major symptom :fever usually rises in the afternoon up to
the first and second week.)
 Third Week
• Intestinal hemorrhage due to bleeding in
congested
• Intestinal perforation is a very serious
complication and is frequently fatal.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (described as
"muttering delirium" or "coma vigil"), with
picking at bedclothes or imaginary objects.
• The fever is still very high and oscillates very little
over 24 hours. Dehydration ensues and the
patient is delirious
complications on the 3rd week
• Intestinal hemorrhage,this can be very serious
but is usually not fatal.
• Intestinal perforation is a very serious
complication and is frequently fatal.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms (described as
"muttering delirium" or "coma vigil"), with
picking at bedclothes or imaginary objects.
• The fever is still very high and oscillates very
little over 24 hours.
 Transmission
• Flying insects feeding on feces may
occasionally transfer the bacteria through
poor hygiene habits and public sanitation
conditions.
• A person may become an
asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever,
suffering no symptoms, but capable of
infecting others. Approximately 5% of people
who contract typhoid continue to carry the
disease after they recover.
 CANCER
• is a broad group of various 
diseases, all involving
unregulated cell growth.
• In cancer, cells divide and
grow uncontrollably,
forming malignant tumors,
and invade nearby parts of
the body.
CAUSES of CANCER :
1.those with an environmental cause, Cancer is primarily
an environmental disease, Common environmental
factors leading to cancer include tobacco use, poor
diet and obesity, infection, radiation, lack of physical
activity, and environmental pollutants.[
2. those with a hereditary genetic cause.
Hereditary or acquired abnormalities in these
regulatory genes can lead to the development of
cancer. A small percentage of cancers, approximately
five to ten percent, are entirely hereditary
 Signs and symptoms
Cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
1.Local symptoms: are restricted to the site of the primary
cancer. They can include lumps or swelling (tumor),
hemorrhage (bleeding from the skin, mouth or anus),
ulceration and pain. ..the initial swelling is often painless.
2.Metastatic symptoms: the spread of cancer to other locations
in the body. They can include enlarged lymph nodes (which
can be felt under the skin), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) or
splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) which can be felt in the
abdomen, pain of affected bones.
3.Systemic symptoms: effects of the cancer that are not related
to direct or metastatic spread. ..weight loss, fatigue, excessive
sweating (especially night sweats).
 Pathology
• Tissue can be obtained from a biopsy.
• The tissue diagnosis given by the pathologist
indicates the type of cell that is proliferating,
its histological grade, genetic abnormalities,
and other features of the tumor. Together, this
information is useful to evaluate the prognosis
of the patient and to choose the best
treatment.
•  Benign tumors do not grow uncontrollably,
do not invade neighboring tissues, and do not
spread throughout the body. There are over
200 different known cancers that afflict
humans.
• Malignant tumors -is capable of invading into
adjacent tissues, and may be capable of 
spreading to distant tissues.
GASTRO-INTESTINAL DISORDER
• All diseases that pertain to
the gastrointestinal tract are
labeled as digestive
diseases. This includes
diseases of the oesophagus, 
stomach, duodenum, 
jejunum, ileum,  
large intestine (ascending,
transverse, and descending
colon),  and rectum.
 Functional disorders

• Functional disorders are those in which the

bowel looks normal but doesn’t work
properly. They are the most common
problems affecting the colon and rectum, and
include constipation and irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS). The primary causes for
functional disorders include:
• Eating a diet low in fiber
• Not getting enough exercise
• Eating large amounts of dairy products
• Being stressed
• Resisting the urge to have a bowel movement
• Overusing laxatives (stool softeners) that, over time,
weaken the bowel muscles
• Taking antacid medicines containing calcium or
aluminum
• Taking certain medicines (especially antidepressants,
iron pills, and strong pain medicines such as narcotics)
• Being pregnant
 Constipation

• caused by inadequate "roughage" or fiber in the

diet, or a disruption of the regular routine or diet.
• Treatment of constipation includes increasing the
amount of fiber you eat, exercising regularly, and
moving your bowels when you have the urge.
• If these treatment methods don’t work, laxatives
are a temporary solution. Note that the overuse
of laxatives can actually aggravate symptoms of
constipation.
 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

• Irritable bowel syndrome is a condition in which

the colon muscle contracts more readily.
Symptoms: include abdominal pain and cramps,
excess gas, bloating, and a change in bowel habits
such as harder, looser, or more urgent stools than
normal,alternating constipation and diarrhea.
• Treatment includes avoiding caffeine, increasing
fiber in the diet, monitoring which foods trigger
IBS (and avoiding these foods), minimizing stress
or learning different ways to cope with stress.
 Hemorrhoids

• Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels that

line the anal opening caused by chronic
excess pressure from straining during a
bowel movement, persistent diarrhea, or
pregnancy.
• Two types:
– internal
– external.
18. It is a broad group of various diseases, all
involving unregulated cell growth. The cells divide
and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant
tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body.
a. Cholera
b. Typhoid
c. Cancer
d. Gastro-intestinal disorder
 ………………………………………….
19. All diseases that pertain to
the gastrointestinal tract are labeled as what?
a. Urinary diseases
b. Intestinal diseases
c. Digestive diseases
d. Respiration diseases
 .
20. It is the vital element which composes 65-
70% of the human body and 80% of the
human brain?
a. Solid
b. Liquid
c. Gas
d. Water
 3. LAND POLLUTION
• the greatest
land pollution
problem is
the
accumulation
of wastes that
are produced
and discarded
by humans.
 SOLID WASTE
• Solid Waste are breeding grounds for disease-carrying insects and
rodents.
 
• Most solid waste is now placed in sanitary landfills. At these sites,
the waste are covered with a layer of spoil to prevent the spread of
disease.
 
EFFECTS:
• When covered with soil, some materials often escape from landfills
to pollute the air and water
• When burned, it reduces the amount of solid waste but they may
cause injury, illness or death.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Heavy metals such as lead, and mercury are
toxic and may block the digestive system
causing starvation or even death.
• Nuclear waste-exposure to a large dose of
radiation from nuclear wastes can be deadly. It
can cause bone marrow damage, skeletal
abnormalities, cataract as well as leukemia
and other types of cancer.
 4. NOISE POLLUTION
Loud or constant noise not only can damage your hearing but also can cause:
 
1.Fatigue, Stress, Irritability, Anger, Tension, Anxiety
 
2.Prolong exposure can rupture eardrums and may cause permanent hearing loss.
–The slightest sound that the human ear can detect has a loudness of 0 decibels (dB)
–Sound in the 40-60 dB range are comfortable
–Constant exposure to 70 dB can be annoying and may begin to damage your hearing
–Exposure to sounds to 120 dB may result to serious damage.
–Sounds of 140 or more can cause pain
–At 180 dB, irreversible hear loss may occur.
 
 
 
21. What is the worse effect of noise pollution?
a. Partial hearing loss
b. Permanent hearing loss
c. Stress
d. Anxiety
22. This is an intangible pollution which can
cause fatigue, stress, irritability, anger,
tension, anxiety and hearing damage.
a. Air pollution
b. Noise pollution
c. Water pollution
d. Land pollution
PROTECTING NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE
ENVIRONMENT

• CONSERVATION- is the
protection and wise use of
natural resources by using less
of the materials we take from
the environment, particularly
those resources that are
nonrenewable.
 RECYCLING AND REUSING-

Ways or reusing materials:

 

• Recycling- the reusing of materials either directly

or indirectly by making them into another
products.
• Composting- the conversion of organic matter into
fertilizer by allowing it to be broken down by the
action of bacteria.
• Pulverizing and Compacting- the pounding of solid
wastes into bricks that can be used in constructing
landfills, roads and other structures.
23. The following are the best way to
preserve water except:
a. Use only biodegradable, low-
phosphate detergents.
b. Fix leaks faucets and toilets quickly
c. Take shorter shower.
d. Take a long bath thrice a week
24. Which of the following must be done by
the government to prevent cases of
amoebiasis?
a. Fumigation
b. Proper Waste Management
c. Proper Sewage Disposal
d. Regular Immunization
25. Which of the following has the function of
providing the mechanics and apparatus in
monitoring the level of air pollution?
a. Department of Environment and Resources
b. Bureau of Resource, Environment and Sanitation
c. National Pollution of Control Commission
d. Department of Health
26. Which of the following is most closely
referred to as environmental crisis resulting
from high increase rate of population growth?
a. Depletion of food resources
b. Starvation
c. Migration
d. Pollution
27. Proper waste management starts at home
for health and sanitation. The process of
discarding materials so that they can used
again is ______
a. Composting
b. Garbology
c. Ecology
d. recycling
28. Nature as source of pollution is managed by
the atmospheric self-cleaning system. Which of
the following are nature’s polluting attributes?
I. Volcanic eruption III. Dust storms
II. Carbon dioxide IV. Photochemical smog
a. I, III and IV
b. I and II
c. II, and III
d. I, II and IV
29. Which of the following is greatly affected by
pollution?
a. Values and desires
b. Economics and social planning
c. Technological Innovations
d. People’s physical health
30. Water pollution results when water contains
substances like harmful bacteria and
poisonous chemicals. Which do these
substances likely cause?
a. Cardiovascular diseases
b. Children’s diseases
c. Gastro- intestinal diseases
d. Respiratory diseases
31. Many of our environmental problems
primarily start with the basic fact that ____
a. Natural and people-made-pollutant
continue to be mismanaged
b. Hazards of city life continues
c. Country’s population keeps on growing
d. Natural resources are diminishing
32. Nature as source of pollution is managed by
the atmosphere self-cleaning system. Which
of the following is NOT nature’s polluting
attributes?
a. Photochemical smug
b. Dust storms
c. Volcanic eruptions
d. Carbon monoxide
33. What do you call the technique to lessen the
land pollution by covering tons of garbage by
the soil in a vast area of land?
a. Land filling
b. Recycling
c. Composting
d. Fertilizing
Environmental issues in the Philippines

• The Philippines are prone to natural disasters,

particularly typhoons, floods, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis
• typhoon belt,
• active volcanic region known as the “PACIFIC
RING OF FIRE”
• geologically unstable region between the
Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates.
Philippines also suffers major human-caused
environmental degradation aggravated by
• a high annual population growth rate
• including loss of agricultural lands,
• deforestation, soil erosion,
• air and water pollution,
• improper disposal of solid and toxic wastes,
• loss of coral reefs, mismanagement and
abuse of coastal resources, and overfishing.
• According to Greenpeace SouthEast Asia, the
Philippines major historical river, the
Pasig River is now biologically dead due to
negligence and industrialization.
• Currently, the Philippines'
Department of Environment and Natural Res
ources
has been busy tracking down illegal loggers
and been spearheading projects to preserve
the quality of many remaining rivers that are
not yet polluted.
• A research shows carbon emissions have
grown sharply since 2000. During the 1990s,
carbon emissions grew by less than 1% per
year. Since 2000, emissions have grown at a
rate of 3.5% per year. No part of the world
had a decline in emissions from 2000 to 2008.
• Climate disasters are on the rise. Around 70
percent of disasters are now climate related –
up from around 50 percent from two decades
ago. 
 Health effects
The World Health Organization states
that
• 2.4 million people die each year
from causes directly attributable to
air pollution,
• 1.5 million of these deaths
attributable to indoor air pollution.
34. There are four major forms of pollution.
Which of the following is referred to as a man
made contamination of the outdoor
atmosphere?
a. Land pollution
b. Air pollution
c. Water pollution
d. Noise pollution
35. Which of these diseases is caused by water
pollution?
a. Osteoporosis
b. Cardio-vascular
c. Gastro-intestinal
d. Respiratory
36. What is the common source of pollutants
that affect our agricultural products?
a. Stream water
b. Pesticides
c. Mine tailings
d. Water for irrigation
37. Which of the following must be done by the
government to prevent cases of amoebiasis?
a. Fumigation
b. Proper Waste Management
c. Proper Sewage Disposal
d. Regular Immunization
38 . There are different ways of reducing
personal pollution. What among the following
is not recommendable?
a. Preserving the air
b. Preserving the water
c. Reducing solid and chemical waste
d. Depend on the program of different
health organization
end