CHINHOYI UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY

Entrepreneurship & Business Sciences

Graduate Business School

MSc. Data Analytics

Big Data Analytics

[MSCDA 6-8]

Eng. N.F Thusabantu - Shoniwa

 TOPIC 5 :
Component/Architecture
Considerations
• Discs

• Memory

• Network

• Distributed Shared Architecture

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

 Contents
1. What is a Disc
2. Why RAID Storage
3. Optical Storage
o CD Storage
o DVD Storage

4. Types of Memory
o Cache Memory
o Primary Memory
o Secondary Memory

5. Network
o LAN
o WAN
o MAN

6. Memory storage architecture

7. DSM

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

 1. DISCS
 Basic storage units have problems dealing with large
multimedia data

• Single Hard Drives - SCSI/IDE Drives. So called AV (Audio-

Visual) drives, which avoid thermal recalibration between
read/writes, are suitable for desktop multimedia.
• New drives are fast enough for direct to disk audio and video
capture. But not adequate for commercial/professional
Multimedia. Employed in RAID architectures

• Removable Media - Jaz/Zip Drives, CD-ROM, DVD.

Conventional (dying out?) floppies not adequate due 1.4 Mb
capacity. Other media usually ok for backup but usually suffer
from worse performance than single hard drives.

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 2. RAID -- Redundant Array
of Inexpensive Disks
• Developed to fulfil the needs of current multimedia
• Offers some significant advantages as a storage medium:
 Affordable alternative to mass storage
 High throughput and reliability

• The key components of a RAID System are:

 Set of disk drives, disk arrays, viewed by user as one or
more logical drives
 Data may be distributed across drives
 Redundancy added in order to allow for disk failure

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 3. Optical Storage
• Optical storage has been the most popular storage medium in
the multimedia context due its compact size, high density
recording, easy handling and low cost per MB.

• CD is the most common.

• Laser disc and recently DVD are also popular.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

  CD Storage
1. CD-DA (Compact Disc-Digital Audio), or standard
music CDs.
2. CD-DA moved onto CD-ROM when people
realized that you could store a whole bunch of
computer data on a 12cm optical disk (700mb).
3. CD-I (Compact Disc-Interactive) came next, plugs
directly into a TV and stereo system.
4. CD-ROM/XA (eXtended Architecture) came next.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

  DVD
• Digital Video/Versatile Disc, the next generation of
optical disc storage technology.
• DVD a major new medium for a whole host of
multimedia system:
It's essentially a bigger, faster CD that can hold video as well
as audio and computer data. DVD aims to encompass home
entertainment, computers, and business information with a
single digital format, eventually replacing audio CD,
videotape, laserdisc, CD-ROM, and perhaps even video game
cartridges.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

 4. MEMORY
• Memory is the brain of the computer where all data and
operations are stored.

• This storage can either be permanent or temporary

• Memory is primarily of three types −

o Cache Memory
o Primary Memory/Main Memory
o Secondary Memory

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

  Cache Memory
• Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory
which can speed up the CPU.

• It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory.

• It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are

most frequently used by the CPU.

• The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to
cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU
can access them.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

  Advantages
• Cache memory is faster than main memory.
• It consumes less access time as compared to main
memory.
• It stores the program that can be executed within
a short period of time.
• It stores data for temporary use.

 Disadvantages
• Cache memory has limited capacity.
• It is very expensive.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

  Primary Memory
(Main Memory)
• Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on
which the computer is currently working.

• It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is

switched off.

• It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These

memories are not as fast as registers.

• The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the

main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and
ROM.
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Eng. N.F Thusabantu
  Characteristics of Main Memory

• These are semiconductor memories.

• It is known as the main memory.
• Usually volatile memory.
• Data is lost in case power is switched off.
• It is the working memory of the computer.
• Faster than secondary memories.
• A computer cannot run without the primary
memory.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 a) Random Access Memory (RAM)
• It is also called as read write memory or the main
memory or the primary memory.
• The programs and data that the CPU requires
during execution of a program are stored in this
memory.
• It is a volatile memory as the data loses when the
power is turned off.
• RAM is further classified into two types- 
o SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) 
o DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory).

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Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 b) Read Only Memory
(ROM)
• Stores crucial information essential to operate the system, like the
program essential to boot the computer.
• It is not volatile.
• Always retains its data.
• Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no
change.
• Used in calculators and peripheral devices.
• ROM is further classified into 4 types
o ROM,
o PROM, 
o EPROM,
o EEPROM.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

 • PROM (Programmable read-only memory) – It can
be programmed by user. Once programmed, the data
and instructions in it cannot be changed.

• EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only

memory) – It can be reprogrammed. To erase data
from it, expose it to ultra violet light. To reprogram it,
erase all the previous data.

• EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable

read only memory) – The data can be erased by
applying electric field, no need of ultra violet light.
We can erase only portions of the chip.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

Eng. N.F Thusabantu
  Secondary Memory
• This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-
volatile.

• It is slower than the main memory.

• These are used for storing data/information permanently.

• CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are
accessed via input-output routines.

• The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the

main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example,
disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
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Eng. N.F Thusabantu
  Characteristics of Secondary Memory

• These are magnetic and optical memories.

• It is known as the backup memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory.
• Data is permanently stored even if power is switched
off.
• It is used for storage of data in a computer.
• Computer may run without the secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

 5. NETWORK
• The Network allows computers to connect and
communicate with different computers via any medium.
• LAN, MAN and WAN are the three major types of the
network designed to operate over the area they cover. There
are some similarities and dissimilarities between them.
• One of the major differences is the geographical area they
cover, i.e. 
o LAN covers the smallest area; 
o MAN covers an area larger than LAN
o WAN comprises the largest of all.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

 REASONS BUSINESSES USE A
NETWORK

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Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 a) LAN
• A Local Area Network (LAN) is a collection of networking
equipment located geographically close together.
E.g. Single room, campus etc.

 Data transferred in High speed which ranges from 100

Mbps to gigabit for system development and have a low
implementation cost.

 Upper limit: 10 km ;
Lower limit: 1 km

 Twisted pair cable or Co-axial cable connects the plug

in cards to form a network.

• Designed to share resources between PCs and

workstation such as hardware or data.

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 Typical LAN
connectivity

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 LAN Topologies

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 b) MAN
• The metropolitan area network (MAN) is designed
to extend over an entire city.

 It may be a single network such as cable television

network available in many cities.
 A MAN uses distributed queue dual bus.
 Range: Within 100 km (a city).

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 c) WAN
• Network that provides long distance transmission of
data, voice, image and video information over large
geographical areas that may comprise a country, a
continent.

 Range: Beyond 100 km.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 Technology in WAN
 Integrated service digital
network (ISDN)
• Basic rate interface
• Primary rate interface

 Frame relay

 Switched multimegabit
data service (SMDS)

 Synchronous optical
network (SONET)

 High data link controlled

(HDLC)

 Synchronous Data Link

Control (SDLC)
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 6. STORAGE
ARCHITECTURE

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Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 a) Conceptual Model
• Conceptual ERD models information gathered from business
requirements.

• Entities and relationships modelled in such ERD are defined

around the business's need.

• The need of satisfying the database design is not considered

yet. Conceptual ERD is the simplest model among all.

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Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 b)Logical Model
• Logical ERD also models information gathered from business
requirements.

• It is more complex than conceptual model in that column

types are set.

• Note that the setting of column types is optional and if you do

that, you should be doing that to aid business analysis.

• It has nothing to do with database creation yet.

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Eng. N.F Thusabantu
 c) Physical Model
• Physical ERD represents the actual design blueprint of a relational
database.

• It represents how data should be structured and related in a specific

DBMS so it is important to consider the convention and restriction of
the DBMS you use when you are designing a physical ERD.

• This means that an accurate use of data type is needed for entity
columns and the use of reserved words has to be avoided in naming
entities and columns.

• Besides, database designers may also add primary keys, foreign keys
and constraints to the design.

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

Eng. N.F Thusabantu
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 7. DISTRIBUTED SHARED
ARCHITECTURE
• DSM paradigm provides process with shared address space

 Primitives for shared memory:

– Read(address)
– Write(address , data)

 Shared memory paradigm gives the systems illusion of

physically shared memory

 DSM refers to shared memory paradigm applied to loosely

coupled distributed memory systems

Eng. N.F Thusabantu

 • Shared memory exists only virtually

• Similar concept to virtual memory

• DSM also known as DSVM

• DSM provides a virtual address space shared among

processes on loosely coupled processors

• DSM is basically an abstraction that integrates the

local memory of different machine into a single
logical entity shared by cooperating processes

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  Advantages
• Provides large virtual memory space
• Well expansion with increase in process nodes
• Underlying message communication between nodes will
remain invisible outside.
• Complex structure and large database support
• Generally cheaper than using a multiprocessor
system
• More portable because of common interfaces
• Protect its developer from sending and receiving primitives

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