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P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
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Post Ignition Process in CI Engines
Homogeneous Combustion in CI Engine
Premixed combustion phase (bc) – combustion of the fuel which has
mixed with the air to within the flammability limits (air at high-
temperature and high-pressure) during the ignition delay period
occurs rapidly in a few crank angles.
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Premixed combustion
• It is assumed that the rate of premixed combustion is
proportional to the mass of the fuel-air mixture prepared
during the ignition delay period and given as
dmb , j mmix , j
C p c
c Sl
dt p
LC 3/ 4
k 4
v
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Diffusion combustion
• Fuel-air mixing is the dominant mechanism to determine the rate of
combustion during the diffusion combustion period.
Diffusion combustion
• Fuel-air mixing is the dominant mechanism to determine the
rate of combustion during the diffusion combustion period.
• The turbulent mixing time scale is introduced to represent the
rate of fuel-air mixing as,
dmb , j dme , j ca
for ca c
dt d dt c
dmb , j dme, j
for ca c
dt d dt
1/ 3
dme, j me L 2
Ce where e
dt e
• where mb; and me are the masses of burned fuel and
entrained air in the element.
• The time scales, c and ca, denote the mixing time and the
time corresponding to one degree crank angle.
• The arbitrary tuning constant, Ce, is chosen here to be 3.0
-- 5.0 X 10-5 to match the test bed data.
Post Injection Combustion
• The models during the fuel injection period may not be
applicable after the end of fuel injection for the spray detached
from the nozzle and moving downstream.
• The in-cylinder flow effects need to be considered to predict the
combustion after the end of fuel injection.
• This is described as a mixing process with the available air at a
rate controlled by turbulence in the fuel jet as,
dme, j m e,a
Ce ,a
dt e
where mea is the total mass of unused air in the cylinder.
The constant, Ce,a, is determined from the continuity of the
combustion rate at the end of fuel injection.
Post (End of ) Injection Combustion
• The models during the fuel injection period may not be
applicable after the end of fuel injection for the spray detached
from the nozzle and moving downstream.
• The in-cylinder flow effects need to be considered to predict the
combustion after the end of fuel injection.
• This is described as a mixing process with the available air at a
rate controlled by turbulence in the fuel jet as,
dme, j m e,a
Ce ,a
dt e
where mea is the total mass of unused air in the cylinder.
The constant, Ce,a, is determined from the continuity of the
combustion rate at the end of fuel injection.
• Late combustion phase (de) – heat release may proceed at
a lower rate well into the expansion stroke (no additional
fuel injected during this phase).
• Combustion of any unburned liquid fuel and soot is
responsible for this.
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Emission norms for Heavy diesel vehicles:
Norms CO HC Nox PM
(g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr) (g/kwhr)
Any carbon not oxidized in the cylinder ends up as soot in the exhaust!
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NOx Formation in I.C. Engines
Three chemical reactions form the Zeldovich reaction are:
d NO
k1, f O N 2 k1,b NO N k 2, f N O2 k 2,b NO O k3, f N OH k3,b NO H
dt
• Where the brackets denote concentrations in units of molecules/m3.
• Approximations to solve above equation:
• The C-O-H system is in equilibrium and is not perturbed by N2
dissociation.
• This means that the pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio and
residual fraction of fluid element only are required to calculate NO
concentration.
• N atoms change concentration by a quasi-steady process.
• This means that one can solve for the N atom concentration by
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setting the rate of change of atoms to zero.
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Effect of Equivalence Ratio on NO Concentration
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Emissions Control
• Three basic methods used to control engine emissions:
• 1)Engineering of combustion process -advances in fuel
injectors, oxygen sensors, and on-board computers.
• 2) Optimizing the choice of operating parameters -two Nox
control measures that have been used in automobile engines
are spark retard and EGR.
• 3) After treatment devices in the exhaust system -catalytic
converter.
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