•Contents

•Watershed Development
• Integrated Watershed Management
• Successful Case Study

PREAPARED BY
P.ANIL KUMAR
M.TECH(HYD&WRE)
 Watershed Development
 Limited water resources,-
more demand.

Watershed is the basic scientific unit.

 Need for proper planning and management.

Integrated watershed development

approach
 Digital revolution
 Recent advances in watershed
What is Watershed

A watershed or drainage basin is the area of land

that provides water to a stream, river, reservior, lake
etc.,
The word watershed is sometimes used
interchangeably with drainage basin or catchment.
Ridges and hills that separate two watersheds are
called the drainage divide. The water resources of a
watershed include surface water--lakes, streams,
reservoirs, and wetlands--and all the underlying
ground water.
Watershed
An example of Watershed (drainage basin)
WATERSHED Development

Watershed
Characteristics.
Hydrology of
watershed.
Watershed (ha) Classification

50,000-2,00,000 Watershed
10,000-50,000 Sub-watershed
1,000-10,000 Milli- watershed
100-1,000 Micro-watershed
10-100 Mini-watershed
 WATERSHED Development …
Parameters of Watershed
• Size
•Shape
•Physiography
•Climate
•Drainage
•Land use
•Vegetation
•Geology and Soils
•Hydrology
•Hydrogeology
•Socioeconomics
Integrated Watershed Management

• Large water resources development projects in India

have adverse socio-economic and environmental consequences.
consequences

• The failure of such projects, contributed to indebtedness,

indebtedness
raising economic pressure and jeopardising future development.

• Indiscriminate expansion of marginal lands and over-utilisation

of existing water resources for irrigation.

• Traditional water harvesting systems have suffered sever neglect.

• This type of development not only called into question

• the adequacy of water resources schemes but triggered the urgent
• search for more effective and appropriate management strategies.

• Major response to follow “Integrated Watershed Management Approach”.

Concepts and Principles of IWM

Objectives:
 Water has multiples uses and must be managed in an
integrated way.
 Water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level.
 Water allocation should take account of the interests of all
who are affected.
 Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good.
•Strategies:
• A long term, viable sustainable future for basin stake
holders.
• Equitable access to water resources for water users.
• The application of principles of demand management
for efficient utilisation.
• Prevention of further environmental degradation (short
term) and the restoration of
• degraded resources (long term). .
Integrated Watershed Approach

IWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural

resources …… an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic
and institutional aspects.
High

water conservation,
Project success

Socio-economic with
water conservation
Public Participation

Socio-economic,

Public participation
participation

planning, design,
implementation
Mainly water
conservation

Low

1970 1980 1990 2000

Watershed development program
IWA – Modeling through
Advanced Technologies
Part 5: Successful Case Study

Catchment Area =
1800 km2
 Jhabua Watershed: Case Study
Madhya Pradesh ( INDIA ), ~ altitude of 380 m to
540 m. Area – 1800 sq.km
Highly undulating, sparsely distributed forest cover.

~ 57% arable land including cultivable fellow and

~ 18% notified as forest land.

Average rainfall ~ 750 mm per annum.

~ 20-30 events during June-September

~ Classified as drought prone region.

Moisture deficit during January

to May months each year.
Jhabua watershed: Case study

Major crops:
Maize, Cotton, Peanuts,
Soyabeans;
Gram, Black beans, Oil
seeds.
Predominantly tribal population, 92%
engaged in agriculture.
~ high seasonal migration
~ economically one of the
most backward district
Yearly rainfall departure from the mean for rainfall station
Jhabua

Seasonal
rainfall
departure
are
extremely
variable.
 Development Issues

•Subsistence of rain-fed mono-cropping farming system

with low agriculture productivity
•Undulating topography and soil erosion due to
overgrazing causing degradation of land.
•High pressure of population on the agriculture land
leading to substantial poverty causing immigration.
•Absence of decentralized water resources and basic
infrastructure facilities.
•Degradation of forestry land due to absence of
community involvement in protection of the forest.
 Planning & Implementation

A Three step IWMA model approach

1. Resources Mapping using Geographical

Information System
2. Appropriate Technology
3. Management Information System
Resources mapping: Ground water dynamics

Total alluvium area= 18.5 km2

 Channel porosity = 20%

 Depth of wetting front = 4.0 m
Total storage capacity = 14.8 x106 m3.
Appropriate Technology
Water conservation
and groundwater
recharge techniques

Water harvesting cum

supplementary
irrigation techniques in
Jhabua
Discussion

Success interventions reside in integration of appropriate technical and

managerial measures.
measures

People’s participation in the entire process are most important.

The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation definitely reached.

Efficient utilisation of funds, only 10-15% spent on non-project costs.

Thus, IWM approach may be characterised by

•Community management built on existing social structure,
structure

•Project management drawn from village level organisations,

organisations

•Joint forest management with community participation,

•Self-help water user groups and community based banking institutions.

Limitation: 100% drought proofing for every water use can not be achieved.
Concluding Remarks

The integrated watershed management approach

have the following major components:

• Promote sustainable economic development through optimum

utilisation of natural resources and local capacity building.

• Restore ecological balance through community participation

and cost affordable technologies for easy acceptance.

• Improving living conditions of the poorer through more equitable

resources distribution and greater access to income
generating activities.
 Concluding Remarks

• About 2-4 meter water level increase is observed in selected wells.

• Watershed management can easily cope with climate change impacts.

• The benefits of water harvesting and water conservation not only for
drinking water security but also for agriculture definitely reached.

•Efficient utilisation of funds as only 10-15% of the total budget

spent on non-project costs.

• Water security through IWM

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