OBJECT-ORIENTED

PRORAMMING

By: Nesredin A. (BSc, MSc)

 JAVA FUNDAMENTALS
● Know the history and philosophy of Java
● Understand Java’s contribution to the
Internet
● Understand the importance of bytecode
● Know the Java buzzwords
● Understand the foundational principles
of objectoriented programming
• many different types of CPUs are used as controllers
• most computer languages were designed to be
compiled into machine code
• targeted for a specific type of CPU
• E.g, consider the C++ language.
• required a full C++ compiler targeted for that CPU
• expensive and time consuming to create
• code that would run on a variety of CPUs under
differing environments
• led to the creation of Java
• The second force was the World Wide Web
• emergence of the Web, Java was propelled to the forefront of
computer language
• design, because the Web, too, demanded portable programs
• After all, the Internet consisted of a diverse, distributed
universe
• populated with many types of computers, operating systems,
and CPUs
• Though the desire for an architecture neutral programming
was initial spark
• It was the Internet that ultimately led to Java’s large scale
success.
 Java’s Lineage: C and C++
• The two languages that form Java’s closest
ancestors are C and C++
• From C, Java inherits its syntax
• Java’s object model is adapted from C++
• First, at the time of Java’s creation, many
programmers were familiar with the C/C++ syntax
• Second, Java’s designers did not “reinvent the
wheel
• The modern age of programming began with C
• It moved to C++ and then to Java.
• By inheriting and building on that rich heritage
• Java provides a powerful, logically consistent
programming environment that
• takes the best of the past and adds new
features related to the online environment
• C, C++, and Java define a common, conceptual
framework for theprofessional programmer
• Although C++ and Java are related, especially in their
support for object oriented programming,
• Java is not simply the “Internet version of C++.”
• Java has significant practical and philosophical
differences from C++.
• Java is not an enhanced version of C
• Java was not designed to replace C++.
• Java was designed to solve a certain set of problems.
• C++ was designed to solve a different set of problems.
• They will coexist for many years to come
 How Java Impacted the Internet
• First, the creation of Java simplified Internet
programming drew programmers to the Web.
• Second, Java innovated a new type of networked
program called the applet
• that changed the way the online world thought
about content.
• Finally, Java addressed some of the thorniest
issues associated with the Internet: portability
and security.
 Java Simplified Web-Based Programming

• its ability to create portable, cross platform

programs and Java’s support for networking
• Its library of ready to use functionality to
easily write programs
• It also provided mechanisms that enabled
programs to be readily delivered over the
Internet
 Java Applets
• one of its most exciting features was the
applet
• is a special kind of Java program that is
designed to be transmitted over the
• Internet and automatically executed inside a
Java compatible web browser
• key feature of applets is that they execute
locally, rather than on the server
 Security
• In order for Java to enable programs to be safely
downloaded and executed on the client computer,
• it was necessary to prevent them from launching
such an attack
• Java achieved this protection by enabling you to
confine an application to the Java execution
environment and
• prevent it from accessing other parts of the
computer
 Portability
• mechanism that allows the same application
to be downloaded and executed by a wide
• variety of CPUs, operating systems, and
browsers is required
• not practical to have different versions of the
same application for different computers
 The Bytecode
• The key to address both the security and the
portability problems
• the output of a Java compiler is not executable
code. Rather, it is bytecode.
• Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions
designed to be executed by
• the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is part of
the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).
• JVM was designed as an interpreter for bytecode
• The fact that a Java program is executed by the
JVM also helps to make it secure.
• it is possible for the JVM to create a restricted
execution environment, called the sandbox
• that contains the program, preventing
unrestricted access to the machine
• Because bytecode has been highly optimized,
the use of bytecode enables
• the JVM to execute programs much faster than
you might expect
The Java Buzzwords
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
• OOP is a powerful way to approach the job of
programming
• programming was done by toggling in the binary
machine instructions
• Assembly language was invented
• High level languages were introduced
• The first was FORTRAN
• The 1960s gave birth to structured programming(C and
PASCAL)
• for standalone subroutines, local variables, rich control
constructs
 Cont…
• Object oriented programming took the best
ideas of structured programming and
• combined them with new concepts
• A program can be organized in one of two ways:
• around its code (what is happening) or around
its data (what is being affected)
• organized around data,
• with the key principle being “data controlling
access to code.”
 Cont…
• In an object oriented language,
• you define the data and the routines that are
permitted to act on that data.
• A data type defines precisely what sort of
operations can be applied to that data
• All OOP languages, including Java, have three
traits in common: encapsulation,
polymorphism, and inheritance
 Encapsulation
• Encapsulation is a programming mechanism
that binds together code and the data it
• manipulates, and that keeps both safe from
outside interference and misuse
• In an object oriented language, code and data
can be bound together
• self contained black box is created.
• Within the box are all necessary data and code
 Cont…
• Within an object, code, data, or both may be
private to that object or public.
• Java’s basic unit of encapsulation is the class
• A class defines the form of an object.
• It specifies both the data and the code that will
operate on that data.
• Java uses a class specification to construct objects.
• Objects are instances of a class
• A class is essentially a set of plans that specify how
to build an object
 Cont…
• The code and data that constitute a class are
called members of the class.
• the data defined by the class are referred to as
member variables or instance variables.
• The code that operates on that data is referred
to as member methods or just methods.
• Method is Java’s term for a subroutine.
• know that what a Java programmer calls a
method, a C/C++ programmer calls a function
 Polymorphism
• Polymorphism is the quality that allows one interface
to access a general class of actions
• The specific action is determined by the exact nature
of the situatio
• “one interface, multiple methods.”
• Polymorphism helps reduce complexity by allowing the
• same interface to be used to specify a general class of
action
• It is the compiler’s job to select the specific action (i.e.,
method) as it applies to each situation
 Inheritance
• Inheritance is the process by which one object
can acquire the properties of another object.
• This is important because it supports the
concept of hierarchical classification
• most knowledge is made manageable by
hierarchical (i.e., top down) classifications.
 Cont…
• Using inheritance, an object need only define
those qualities that make it unique within its
class.
• It can inherit its general attributes from its
parent.
• Thus, it is the inheritance mechanism that makes
it possible
• for one object to be a specific instance of a more
general case
long
Floating point
Char
Boolean
 One-Dimensional Arrays
• A one-dimensional array is, essentially, a list of
like-typed variables.
• To create an array, you first must create an
array variable of the desired type.
• The generalform of a one-dimensional array
declaration is
• type var-name[ ];
practical
Improved version
 Multidimensional Arrays
• To declare a multidimensional array variable,
specify each additional index using
• another set of square brackets.
• For example, the following declares a
twodimensional array variable called twoD:
• int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];
• This allocates a 4 by 5 array and assigns it to twoD.
• Internally, this matrix isimplemented as an array
of arrays of int
Array two by two
practical
 Out put
• This program generates the following output:
• 01234
• 56789
• 10 11 12 13 14
• 15 16 17 18 19
 Out put
• When you run this program, you will get the
following output:
• 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
• 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
• 0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0
3 by 4 by 5, three-dimensional array
 Out put
• This program generates the following output:
• 00000
• 00000
• 00000
• 00000

• 00000
• 01234
• 02468
• 0 3 6 9 12

• 00000
• 02468
• 0 4 8 12 16
• 0 6 12 18 24