NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF

COMMUNICATION
INTRO TO COMMUNICATION MEDIA

VISAME ARELLANO

SOURCE: REID CHRYSLER C. MANARES

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. FUNDAMENTALS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. Nature of Communication (pp. 4)
2. Elements of Communication (pp. 4)
3. Process of Communication (pp. 5)
4. Models of Communication (pp. 5)
5. Functions of Communication (pp. 7)
6. Features of an Effective Communication (pp. 7)
7. Barriers to Communication (pp. 8)
8. Verbal and Nonverbal Communication (pp. 10)
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)
II. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
1. Definition and Nature of Intercultural Communication (pp. 19)
2. Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (pp. 20)
3. Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators (pp. 21)
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION
NATURE | ELEMENTS | PROCESS | MODELS | FUNCTIONS | FEATURES | BARRIERS |
VERBAL & NONVERBAL
OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
 Explain the nature and process of communication;

 Differentiate various models of communication;

 Distinguish the unique features of one communication process from the other;

 Practice effective verbal and nonverbal communication during social interactions;

 Explain why there is a breakdown of communication;

OBJECTIVES (CONT.)

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
 Apply strategies in overcoming communication breakdowns;

 Practice effective communication skills;

 Evaluate the effectiveness of an oral communication;

 Practice learning and thinking skills, life skills, and ICT literacy; and

 Reflect on your learning on the fundamentals of communication.

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
PAGE 4
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication is a
process.
Processes are series of actions performed to
achieve a desired goal.

The term “communication” comes from

the Latin word communis, which means
“to share.”
The goal of communication is to convey
and share information between people.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

2. Communication occurs
between two or more
people.

SPEAKER – source of information or

message
RECEIVER – recipient of the
message
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

3. Communication can be
expressed through written or
spoken words, actions, or both
spoken words and nonverbal
actions at the same time.

VERBAL – words are used to relay a

message
NONVERBAL – behavior is used to
convey and represent
meanings
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
PAGE 4
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its
mechanics or process. These elements are the following:
1. SPEAKER – source of information or message
2. MESSAGE – information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker
3. ENCODING – process of converting the message into words and/or
actions
4. CHANNEL – medium or the means in which the encoded message is
conveyed
5. DECODING – process of interpreting the encoded message by the
receiver
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION (CONT.)
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its
mechanics or process. These elements are the following:
6. RECEIVER – recipient of the message; someone who decodes the
message
7. FEEDBACK – reactions, responses, or information provided by the
receiver
8. CONTEXT – environment where communication takes place
9. BARRIER – factors that affect the flow of communication
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
PAGE 5
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
The SPEAKER generates an idea.

The SPEAKER encodes an idea.

The SPEAKER transmits a message.

The RECEIVER gets the message.

The RECEIVER decodes the

message.

The RECEIVER provides feedback.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
PAGE 5
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Claude Shannon (left), Warren Weaver
1. Shannon-Weaver Model (right)
(1949)
It’s been called the “mother of all communication
models.”
Shannon-Weaver Model depicts
communication as a one-way process,
consisting of five elements: source,
transmitter, channel, receiver, and
destination.
However, this has been criticized as it
lacks one essential element: feedback.
Without feedback, the speaker will not
know whether the receiver understands
the message or not.
SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL (1949)
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

2. Transaction Model (1970) Dean Barlund

This is the most general model of
communication.
Transaction Model depicts
communication where individuals are
simultaneously and reciprocally engaging
in sending and receiving messages. In
other words, the sender and a receiver
are interdependent.
Unlike Shannon-Weaver Model, which is
a one-way process, Transaction Model is
a two-way process, with the inclusion of
feedback as one element.
TRANSACTION MODEL (1970)
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

3. Interactive Model (1954) Wilbur Schramm

It has roots from the Shannon-Weaver Model
itself.
In this model, the sender channels a
message to the receiver, then the
receiver channels a message
("feedback") back to the sender.
There is also “field of experience,” which
considers factors like cultural background,
geographic location, and personal
experiences. Overlapping this field starts
conversation, which also expands the
communicators' own field of experiences.
INTERACTIVE MODEL (1954)
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
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FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Basically, there are five (5) functions of communication:
1. CONTROL – communication functions to control behavior
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION – communication allows individuals to interact with
others
3. MOTIVATION – communication motivates or encourages people to live
better
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – communication facilitates people’s expression
of their feelings and emotions
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION – communication functions to convey
information
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
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FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. COMPLETENESS – Communication should include everything the receiver needs to
hear.
2. CONCISENESS – Keeping the message short, but making it direct and straight to
the point.
3. CONSIDERATION – Speaker should always consider relevant information about its
receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, status, and needs.
4. CONCRETENESS – Effective communication happens when the message is
concrete and supported by facts, figures, real-life examples, and situations.
5. COURTESY – Respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of its receivers.
6. CLEARNESS – Uses of simple and specific words to express ideas.
7. CORRECTNESS – Eliminates negative impact on the audience, and increases
credibility and effectiveness of the message.