MPA 302

QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

O ENGR. WENALD H. LOPEZ

O BSECE – MAPUA UNIVERSITY
O MASTERS IN ENGG – PLM
O PHD ENGG - NEUST
 THE
IMPORTANCE
OF STATISTICS
Introduction:
O Most of us associate “STATISTICS” with bits
of data that appear in :
O news reports
O basketball score averages
O imported car sale
O frequency of rape cases within a month
O frequency of drug users
O crime rates
O the individual differences of private and
government employees towards work
Onumber of Filipinos working abroad
O the latest poll of the presidents’ popularity
using social weather survey
Oclimatic weather review such as rainfall
pattern, and
Oaverage high temperature for todays’ date.
 What is
Statistics?
OThe study and collection of
data are important in the
work of many professions,
so that training in the science
of statistics is valuable
preparation for a variety of
careers. (e.g.)
O Government
O Economist
O Financial advisors
O Doctors
O Politicians
O Business
O Farmers
O Engineers
NUMERICAL
LITERACY
OThe ability to follow and understand
numerical arguments, is important
for everyone.
OThe ability to express yourself
numerically, to be an author rather
just a reader, is a vital skill in many
professions and areas of study.
 STUDY OF STATISTICS

Ois therefore essential to

a sound education.
Owe must learn how to
read data critically and
with comprehension.
Owe must learn sound methods for
drawing trustworthy conclusions
based on data.
Oideas and methods of statistics
developed gradually as a society
grew interested in collecting and
using data for a variety of
applications.
HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
Oas the physical sciences developed
in the 17th and 18th centuries, the
importance of careful
measurements of weight,
distances, and other physical
quantities grew.
O Astronomers and surveyors
striving for exactness had to deal
with variation in their
measurements.
OStatistical method that are still
important were invented in order to
analyze scientific measurements.
Science Data
 DEFINITION OF TERMS

O Statistics
is a branch of mathematics that deals
with the processes of gathering,
describing, analyzing and interpreting
numerical or statistical data as well as
with drawing valid conclusion and
making reasonable decision on the basis
of such analysis.
Branches of
Statistics
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

OTo make a description of

variables that were categorized
in order to determine the
measure of certain dependent
variable that is to be measured.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

- When such indices are calculated

for a sample drawn from
population, they are called
Statistics
- When they are calculated from
the entire population, they are
called Parameters.
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

-This will be used when one

makes a decision, estimate
prediction or generalization
about a population based on
sample.
TWO TYPES OF TEST IN AN INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
a. Parametric Test- a test of significance appropriate
when the data represent an interval or ratio scale of
measurement and other assumptions have been met.
b. Non-Parametric Test- Test- a test of significance
appropriate when the data represent an ordinal or
nominal scale, when a parametric assumption has
been greatly violated, or when the nature of the
distribution is not known.
POPULATION
AND SAMPLE
 POPULATION
- A collection of all
possible members of set of
individuals, objects, or
measurements
 TWO KINDS OF
POPULATION
FINITE POPULATION
- Are data sets from which the numbers can be
determined or counted immediately through certain
delimitation or putting into a certain scope and
coverage of subject of study.
INFINITE POPULATION
- Are data sets from which the numbers cannot be
determined or counted immediately. In statistics for
research, we always deal with a finite population.
-
 SAMPLE
- is a sample part or portion of the
population.

A subset of total population of interest

for inference purposes, then that a set of
chosen individuals from the population or
universe known as sample.
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
 RANDOMIZATION

O- A process of getting a sample

in such a way that every
individual that compromises
the population will be given an
equal chance to be included as
a sample.
 RANDOM SAMPLE

- Is a sample taken
through the process of
Randomization
 SAMPLING
O - process of selecting a
number of individual(a sample)
from a population, preferably in
such a way that the individuals
selected represent the larger
group from which they were
selected.
O  POPULATION GROWTH RATE
- Is the rate by which a population increases/ decreases
in size usually expressed inn yearly percentage.
r= [ antilog ( log ) – 1 ] x 100
-----
n
Where:
r - annual growth rate of the population.
– the population count at the end of the period.
- the population count at the beginning of the period.
n – the number of years
O Total Fertility Rate
- the average number of children that a woman would bear
during her productive years.
O Birth Rate
- is a measure of the extent to which a population
replenishes itself through births.
O Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
- is a common measure of fertility. It is the ratio of the
number of births within an area in a year for every 1000
people of total population of the area. Hence,
Number of births within an area in a year
CBR=
――――---------------------------------------------------------― x
100
total population of the area
O Mortality Rate
- is the measure of the extent to which a population is
being depleted through deaths.

O Crude Death Rate

- is a common measure of mortality . It is the ratio of
the number of deaths within an area in a year for every
1000 people of total population of the area. Hence,
Number of deaths within an area in a year
CDR=――――--------------------------------------------------
-------― x 100
total population of the area
 Household

- a person or group of person who

sleep under the same roof and
usually have common arrangements
for the preparation and consumption
of food.
 Holding/Farm

- any tract or tracts of lands used

wholly or partly for agricultural
activity and operated as one
technical unit by one person alone or
with others regardless of title, legal
form, size and location.
OWork
- is any economic activity that a
person does, classified into any of the
following categories:

OWork for pay

OWork for profit
EMPLOYMENT
STATUS
CONCEPTS
 OIN THE LABOR FORCE OR
ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE
POPULATION
- refers to population 15 years old
and over who either employed or
unemployed in accordance with the
definition described below:
O EMPLOYED
- includes all those who, during the
reference week are 15 years old and over as
of their last birthday and were reported as
either.
O AT WORK
- those who do any work for pay or profit,
or work without pay on the farm or business
enterprise operated by a member of the same
household related by blood, marriage, or
adoption
OWITH A JOB BUT NOT A
WORK
- those who have job or
business but are not at work
business because of temporary
illness, vacation, strike, or
other reasons.
OUNEMPLOYED
- includes all those who,
during the reference week, are 15
years old and over as of their last
birthday and are reported
actively looking for work.
OUNDEREMPLOYED
- includes all employed people
who express the desire for additional
hours of work in their present jobs or
in an additional job, or to have a new
job with longer working hours.
OPERSON NOT IN THE LABOR
FORCE
- are people who are 15 years old
and over who are neither employed or
unemployed. Those not in the labor
force are those who are not working,
and are not available for work during
the reference week.
OLABOR FORCE
PARTICIPATION RATE
- refers to the ratio of the total
number of people in the labor force
to the total population 15 years old
and over, usually expressed in
percent.
 total number of people in the Labor force
LFPR=
--------------------------------------------------------------------
- x100
total population 15 years old and over
O EMPLOYMENT RATE
- is the proportion of total employed to total labor
force.
total number of employed people
ER=
------------------------------------------------------------------
x100
total number of people in the labor force
OUNEMPLOYMENT
RATE
- is the proportion of total
unemployed to the labor
force.
 total number of unemployed people
UER=------------------------------------------
-------X100
total number of people in the labor
force
OLITERACY RATE
- is the proportion of the
literates (people able to read and
write a simple message in any
language or dialect)to the total
population in a given age group.
 number of literates in a given age group.
LR=
-----------------------------------------X1
00
total population in a given age group.
O ENROLMENT RATE
- is the proportion of total enrolment to
the total population.

total enrolment
ER=---------------------------------------------
------X100
total population
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX

- is a statistical measure of
changes in average retail prices
(CPI) of commodities bought by
a specific group of consumer in a
given area in a given period of
time.
 USES OF CONSUMER
PRICE INDEX
OGeneral measure of monthly or
yearly changes in average retail
prices of a fixed basket of goods
and services commonly
purchased by a specific group of
people in a given area.