VALUES

INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION OF VALUES
Rokeach, a famous Socio-psychologist has
defined values as “global beliefs that guide
actions and judgements across a variety of
situations”.

He further says that, Values represent

basic convictions that a specific mode of
conduct or end -state of existence is
personally or socially preferable to an
opposite or converse mode of conduct or
end-state of existence.
• Values contain a judgemental element in
that they carry an individual’s ideas about
what is right, good or desirable.
• Values have both content and intensity
attributes.
• The content attribute says that a mode of
conduct or end-state of existence is
important.
• The intensity attribute specifies how
important it is.
 VALUE SYSTEM
• When we rank an individual’s values in terms
of their intensity, we obtain that person’s
value system.
• The value system is a hierarchy based on a
ranking of an individual’s values in terms of
their intensity.

• This system is identified by the relative

importance we assign to values such as
freedom, pleasure, respect, honesty,
obedience etc.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUES

1.Developed early in life and are very

resistant to change.

2. Define what is right and what is wrong.

3. Cannot be proved correct or incorrect,

valid or invalid, right or wrong. Values tell
what we should believe, regardless of any
evidence or lack thereof.
 Overview of Different
Types of Values

Rokeach Value Survey (RVS)

Milton Rokeach has categorized
values in two categories:

1. Terminal Values
2. Instrumental Values
 TERMINAL VALUES
• Terminal values refer to desirable end-
states of existence; the goals that a
person would like to achieve during his
or her lifetime.

• An individual possess both terminal &

instrumental values.
Examples – a comfortable life,an
exciting life, freedom, happiness etc.
 INSTRUMENTAL VALUES
Instrumental values refer to preferable
modes of behaviour or means of
achieving the terminal values.
Examples – Ambitious, broad-minded,
courageous, helpful, honest etc.

A person may desire and strive to achieve

happiness (a terminal value) by being
ambitious, independent and responsible (
instrumental values).
 Generational Values

• Researchers have integrated several recent analyses of

work values into four groups that attempt to capture the
unique values of different cohorts or generations in the U.S.
workforce
 Linking an Individual’s Personality and
Values to the workplace

Person–Job Fit
• The effort to match job requirements with
personality characteristics is best articulated
in John Holland’s personality–job fit theory .

• Holland presents six personality types and

proposes that satisfaction and the propensity
to leave a position depend on how well
individuals match their personalities to a job.
 Person–Organization Fit
• Researchers have looked at matching people to
organizations as well as to jobs.
• If an organization faces a dynamic and changing
environment and requires employees able to readily
change tasks and move easily between teams, it’s
more important that employees’ personalities fit
with the overall organization’s culture than with the
characteristics of any specific job.
• The person–organization fit essentially argues that
people are attracted to and selected by
organizations that match their values, and they leave
organizations that are not compatible with their
personalities.
 International Values
• One of the most widely referenced approaches
for analyzing variations among cultures was done
in the late 1970s by Geert Hofstede.

• He surveyed more than 116,000 IBM employees

in 40 countries about their work-related values
and found that managers and employees vary on
five value dimensions of national culture:
1.Power Distance
2.Individualism versus collectivism
3. Masculinity versus femininity
4.Uncertainty avoidance
5. Long-term versus short-term orientation
 Values

Name and define five values you believe

are especially important for students in
the 21st century. How would you
recommend educators to go about
teaching those values?
 Values

Name and define five values you believe are especially

important for employees in Hospitality Industry. How
would recommend the companies to go about teaching
those values to their employees?
 Values

Name and define five values you believe are especially

important for IT Professionals. How would you
recommend IT companies to go about teaching those
values?
 Values

Name and define five values you believe are especially

important for Sportsperson. How would you
recommend Officials/Coaches to go about teaching
those values?
 Values

Name and define five values you believe are especially

important for Doctors. How would you recommend
educators to go about teaching those values?
 Values

Name and define five values you believe are especially

important for Journalists. How would you recommend
Media Companies to go about teaching those values?