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Maybe she did.

What is the difference in meaning ? (probability)


 
• The front part of the car is badly damaged. She could have crashed into a tree.

• She was lucky that she didn’t have an accident. She could have crashed into a tree or a
car because she was very drunk.
But she didn’t.
 
(hypothesis)
positive negative
SURE must have can’t have
How would you translate the following in your own language ? couldn’t have

positive negative
a) She must have gone to the party. A friend of mine said that she saw her there. NOT SURE
might have might not have
could have may not have
b) She could have gone to the party because she wasn’t home when I called her.
may have

c) She could have gone to the party if she had known about it. good bad
IDEA
should have shouldn’t have
d) She can’t have gone to the party because she wasn’t in the city at the time.

e) She should have gone to the party. She missed a lot of fun. HYPOTHESIS positive negative
could have couldn’t have
SURE

NOT SURE

IDEA

HYPOTHESIS
F. Complete each sentence with the most suitable past modal.
1. Hannah works on archaeological digs in Rome. She _____________ (study) archaeology in school.

2. She can’t find her hand shovel. She _____________ (leave) it at the work site yesterday.

3. Glen didn’t find any stone cooking tools at the site. The ancient Romans _____________ (prepare) food there.

4. He spent a lot of time in the lab last year. Instead, he _____________ (spend) more time digging outside.

5. Sam’s team won an award for their work. They _____________ (make) an unusual discovery.

6. Megan fainted from the heat the other day, and she had to lie down. She _____________ (stay) outside that much.

7. The team leader got Cathy’s report this morning. She _____________ (complete) it last night.

8. They gave up after a year of disappointing archaeological research. They _____________ (discover) anything interesting at the site.
9. These archaeologists _____________ (find) the tomb of Tutankhamun long ago if they had had the necessary tools for that kind of
excavation at the time.
 

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