Chapter 14

“The Behavior of Gases”

Chemistry
Atlantic Bilingual School
Christian Campbell MD
 Section 14.1
The Properties of Gases
 OBJECTIVES:

Explain why gases are

easier to compress than
solids or liquids are.
 Section 14.1
The Properties of Gases
 OBJECTIVES:

Describe the three factors

that affect gas pressure.
 Compressibility
 Gases can expand to fill its
container, unlike solids or liquids
 The reverse is also true:
 They are easily compressed, or
squeezed into a smaller volume
 Compressibility is a measure of
how much the volume of matter
decreases under pressure
 Compressibility
 Thisis the idea behind placing “air
bags” in automobiles
 In an accident, the air compresses
more than the steering wheel or
dash when you strike it
 The impact forces the gas
particles closer together, because
there is a lot of empty space
between them
 Compressibility
 Atroom temperature, the distance
between particles is about 10x the
diameter of the particle
 Fig. 14.2, page 414
 This empty space makes gases good
insulators (example: windows, coats)
 How does the volume of the particles
in a gas compare to the overall
volume of the gas?
 Variables that describe a Gas
 The four variables and their common
units:
1. pressure (P) in kilopascals
2. volume (V) in Liters
3. temperature (T) in Kelvin
4. amount (n) in moles
The amount of gas, volume, and
temperature are factors that affect
gas pressure.
 1. Amount of Gas
 When we inflate a balloon, we are
adding gas molecules.
 Increasing the number of gas
particles increases the number of
collisions
thus, the pressure increases
 If temperature is constant, then
doubling the number of particles
doubles the pressure
 Pressure and the number of
molecules are directly related
 More molecules means more
collisions, and…
 Fewer molecules means fewer
collisions.
 Gases naturally move from areas of
high pressure to low pressure,
because there is empty space to
move into – a spray can is example.
 Common use?
A practical application is Aerosol
(spray) cans
 gas moves from higher pressure to
lower pressure
 a propellant forces the product out

 whipped cream, hair spray, paint

 Fig. 14.5, page 416

 Is the can really ever “empty”?

 2. Volume of Gas
 In a smaller container, the
molecules have less room to
move.
 The particles hit the sides of the
container more often.
 As volume decreases, pressure
increases. (think of a syringe)
 Thus,volume and pressure are
inversely related to each other
 3. Temperature of Gas
 Raising the temperature of a gas increases
the pressure, if the volume is held constant.
(Temp. and Pres. are directly related)
 The molecules hit the walls harder, and
more frequently!
 Fig. 14.7, page 417
 Should you throw an aerosol can into a
fire? What could happen?
 When should your automobile tire pressure
be checked?
 Section 14.2
The Gas Laws
 OBJECTIVES:
Describe the relationships
among the temperature,
pressure, and volume of a
gas.
 Section 14.2
The Gas Laws
 OBJECTIVES:
Use the combined gas
law to solve problems.
 The Gas Laws are mathematical
 Thegas laws will describe HOW
gases behave.
 Gas behavior can be predicted by
the theory.
 The amount of change can be
calculated with mathematical
equations.
 You need to know both of these:
the theory, and the math
Robert Boyle • Boyle was born into an
aristocratic Irish family
(1627-1691)
• Became interested in
medicine and the new
science of Galileo and
studied chemistry. 
• A founder and an
influential fellow of the
Royal Society of London
• Wrote extensively on
science, philosophy,
and theology.
 #1. Boyle’s Law - 1662
Gas pressure is inversely proportional to the
volume, when temperature is held constant.
Pressure x Volume = a constant
Equation: P1V1 = P2V2 (T = constant)
Graph of Boyle’s Law – page 418
Boyle’s Law
says the
pressure is
inverse to the
volume.
Note that when
the volume
goes up, the
pressure goes
down
- Page 419
Jacques Charles (1746-1823)
 French Physicist
Part of a scientific
balloon flight on Dec. 1,
1783 – was one of
three passengers in the
second balloon
ascension that carried
humans
This is how his interest
in gases started
It was a hydrogen
filled balloon – good
thing they were careful!
 #2. Charles’s Law - 1787
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is
directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature, when pressure is held
constant.
This extrapolates to zero volume at a
temperature of zero Kelvin.

V1 V2
 ( P  constant)
T1 T2
 Converting Celsius to Kelvin
• Gas law problems involving
temperature will always require
that the temperature be in Kelvin.
(Remember that no degree sign is
shown with the kelvin scale.)
• Reason? There will never be a
zero volume, since we have never
reached absolute zero.
Kelvin = C + 273 and °C = Kelvin - 273
- Page 421
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778 – 1850)
 French chemist and
physicist
 Known for his studies on
the physical properties of
gases.
 In 1804 he made balloon
ascensions to study
magnetic forces and to
observe the composition
and temperature of the air
at different altitudes.
 #3. Gay-Lussac’s Law - 1802
• The pressure and Kelvin temperature of
a gas are directly proportional, provided
that the volume remains constant.
P1 P2

T1 T2
• How does a pressure cooker affect the time
needed to cook food? (Note page 422)
• Sample Problem 14.3, page 423
 #4. The Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law expresses the
relationship between pressure, volume
and temperature of a fixed amount of
gas.

P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
Sample Problem 14.4, page 424
 The combined gas law contains
all the other gas laws!
 If the temperature remains
constant...

P1 x V1 P2 x V2
=
T1 T2
Boyle’s Law
 The combined gas law contains
all the other gas laws!
 If the pressure remains constant...

P1 x V1 P2 x V2
=
T1 T2
Charles’s Law
 The combined gas law contains
all the other gas laws!
 If the volume remains constant...

P1 x V1 P2 x V2
=
T1 T2
Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Section 14.3
Ideal Gases
 OBJECTIVES:
Compute the value of an
unknown using the ideal
gas law.
 Section 14.3
Ideal Gases
 OBJECTIVES:
Compare and contrast real
an ideal gases.
 5. The Ideal Gas Law #1
 Equation: P x V = n x R x T
 Pressure times Volume equals the
number of moles (n) times the Ideal Gas
Constant (R) times the Temperature in
Kelvin.
R = 8.31 (L x kPa) / (mol x K)
 The other units must match the value of
the constant, in order to cancel out.
 The value of R could change, if other
units of measurement are used for the
other values (namely pressure
changes)
 The Ideal Gas Law
 We now have a new way to count
moles (the amount of matter), by
measuring T, P, and V. We aren’t
restricted to only STP conditions:

PxV
n=
RxT
 Ideal Gases
 We are going to assume the gases
behave “ideally”- in other words, they
obey the Gas Laws under all conditions
of temperature and pressure
 An ideal gas does not really exist, but it
makes the math easier and is a close
approximation.
 Particles have no volume? Wrong!
 No attractive forces? Wrong!
 Ideal Gases
 There are no gases for which this
is true (acting “ideal”); however,
 Real gases behave this way at
a) high temperature, and
b) low pressure.
Because at these conditions, a

gas will stay a gas!

Sample Problem 14.5, page 427
 #6. Ideal Gas Law 2
 PxV= mxRxT
M
 Allows LOTS of calculations, and
some new items are:
 m = mass, in grams

 M = molar mass, in g/mol

 Molar mass = m R T
PV
 Density
 Density is mass divided by volume

m
D=
V
so,
m MP
D= V = RT
 Ideal Gases don’t exist, because:
1. Molecules do take up space
2. There are attractive forces between
particles
- otherwise there would be no liquids formed
Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases...

 When the molecules are

far apart.
 The molecules do not
take up as big a
percentage of the space
 We can ignore the particle
volume.
 This is at low pressure
 Real Gases behave like Ideal Gases…
 When molecules are moving fast
This is at high temperature
 Collisions are harder and faster.
 Molecules are not next to each
other very long.
 Attractive forces can’t play a role.
 Section 14.4
Gases: Mixtures and Movements

 OBJECTIVES:
Relate the total pressure
of a mixture of gases to
the partial pressures of the
component gases.
 Section 14.4
Gases: Mixtures and Movements

 OBJECTIVES:
Explain how the molar
mass of a gas affects the
rate at which the gas
diffuses and effuses.
#7 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
For a mixture of gases in a container,

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . .
•P represents the “partial pressure”,
1
or the contribution by that gas.
• Dalton’s Law is particularly useful in
calculating the pressure of gases
collected over water.
Connected
to gas
generator

Collecting a gas over water – one of the

experiments in Chapter 14 involves this.
 If the first three containers are all put into the
fourth, we can find the pressure in that container
by adding up the pressure in the first 3:

2 atm + 1 atm + 3 atm = 6 atm

1 2 3 4

Sample Problem 14.6, page 434

 Diffusion is:
 Molecules moving from areas of high
concentration to low concentration.
 Example: perfume molecules spreading
across the room.
 Effusion: Gas escaping through a tiny
hole in a container.
 Both of these depend on the molar
mass of the particle, which
determines the speed.
• Diffusion:
describes the
mixing of gases.
The rate of diffusion
is the rate of gas
mixing.
• Molecules move
from areas of high
concentration to low
concentration.
Effusion: a gas escapes through a tiny
hole in its container
-Think of a nail in your car tire…

Diffusion
and effusion
are
explained
by the next
gas law:
Graham’s
 8. Graham’s Law
RateA  MassB
=
RateB  MassA
 The rate of effusion and diffusion is
inversely proportional to the square root
of the molar mass of the molecules.
 Derived from: Kinetic energy = 1/2 mv2

 m = the molar mass, and v = the

velocity.
 Graham’s Law
Sample: compare rates of effusion of
Helium with Nitrogen – done on p. 436
 With effusion and diffusion, the type of
particle is important:
 Gases of lower molar mass diffuse and
effuse faster than gases of higher molar
mass.
 Helium effuses and diffuses faster than
nitrogen – thus, helium escapes from a
balloon quicker than many other gases!