BASIC

CONCEPTS IN
STATISTICS
Statistics
It is a collection of methods for
planning experiments, obtaining data,
and the analyzing, interpreting and
drawing conclusions based on the data.
Statistics
It is a collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data,
and the analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions based on the
data.
Basic terms in Statistics
Data are individual pieces of factual information
recorded and used for the purpose of analysis.
Variable is an attribute that describes a person, place,
thing, or idea. The value of the variable can "vary" from
one entity to another.
Population is a set of similar items or events which is
of interest for some question or experiment.
Sample refers to a smaller, manageable version of a
larger group. It is a subset containing the
characteristics of a larger population.
Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Variables
Qualitative (categorical). Qualitative variables take
on values that are names or labels.
◦ The color of a ball (e.g., red, green, blue)
◦ The breed of a dog (e.g., collie, shepherd, terrier)
Quantitative (numeric). Quantitative variables are
numeric. They represent a measurable quantity
◦ Population of a city
◦ Count of something
Quantitative Variables
Discrete Variables. Data that can be counted.
◦ Number of days
◦ Number of siblings
◦ Usual daily allowance
Continuous Variables. It assume all value between any
two specific values like 0.5, 1.2, etc. and that can be
measured
◦ Weight
◦ Height
◦ Body Temperature
 SCALES OF
MEASUREMENT
There are four scales of measurement that
can be used to explain data:
1. NOMINAL SCALE
2. ORDINAL SCALE
3. INTERVAL
4. RATIO
NOMINAL SCALE
Data created by assigning observations into various
independent categories and then counting the
frequency of occurrence within each of the categories.
◦ Gender
◦ Color
◦ Usual sleeping time
◦ Civil Status
◦ Citizenship
ORDINAL SCALE
A scale in which scores indicate only relative amounts
or rank order
◦ Happiness index for the day (rate)
◦ Highest education attainment
◦ The rankings of tennis player
◦ Academic Excellence Awards
INTERVAL SCALE
A scale in which equal differences in scores represent
equal differences in amount of the property measured,
but with an arbitrary zero point.
◦ Body temperature
◦ Intelligence Quotient
◦ Family income
RATIO SCALE
This is an interval scale modified to include the inherent
zero starting point.
It possesses a meaningful absolute, fixed zero pint and
allows all arithmetic operations.

◦ Number of sibling
◦ Weight
◦ Height
FOUR BASIC METHODS
OF SAMPLING
Random Sampling. This is done by using chance or random
number.
Systematic Sampling. This is done by numbering each
subject of the population and then selecting nth number.
Stratified Sampling. Stratified sampling is a type of sampling
method in which the total population is divided into smaller
groups or strata to complete the sampling process.
Cluster Sampling. In cluster sampling, researchers divide a
population into smaller groups known as clusters. They
then randomly select among these clusters to form a
sample.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
UNGROUPED DATA

Central tendency is a descriptive summary of

a dataset through a single value that reflects
the center of the data distribution.
◦ MEAN
◦ MEDIAN
◦ MODE
MEAN
Mean - is the most commonly used measure of central tendency.
It is used to describe a set of data where the measures cluster or
concentrate at a point.
Sum of all scores

Number of score
Mean
MEAN
Example
80, 80, 83, 84, 85

= 82.4
MEDIAN
Median represented by Md - is the midpoint of the array. The
median will be either a specific value or will fall between two
values.
Example
The math grades of nine students are: 85, 80, 88, 83, 87, 89, 84,
80 and 90.

Arrange first the data in increasing order that is from least to

greatest or vice-versa.

80, 80, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90,

MEDIAN
MODE
Mode - referred to as the most frequently occurring value in a
given set of data.

The sizes of 15 classes selected at random are:

40, 42, 48, 46, 42, 49, 43, 42, 38, 42

The mode is 42 because it is the measure that occurs the most

number of times.
MODE
What is the mode of the given data: 42, 48, 46, 42, 49, 43, 42, 43,
41, 48, 49, 48?

Data Frequency
41 1
42 3 Therefore the modes are 42 and
43 2 48.
46 1
48 3
49 2
Total: 12
WEIGHTED MEAN
WEIGHTED MEAN
Example:
Many college use the 4-point grading system:
A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1, F = 0. Find the grade point average of Dillion’s
grade, in the given semester course grade.
Frequency Distribution
Table
It is a grouping of all the (numerical)
observations into intervals or classes
together with a count of the number of
observations that fall in each interval or
class.
Example:
Suppose we are given a set of raw numerical data.

These are the average monthly Kilowatt-hours of

Households in Barangay Santiago.

20 25 30 36 38 40 40 42
45 48 50 53 56 58 60 64
66 68 70 72 74 80 88 90
96 100 120 130 135 140 150 152
Step 4:
List the lower and upper class limits of the first interval.

Class Interval
20 – 41
42 – 63
64 – 85
86 – 107
108 – 129
130 – 151
152 - 173
Step 6:
• From the data, tally the observations according to the
interval which it belongs to. Summarize the tallies in a column
for the frequencies.
Class Interval Tally Frequency
20 – 41 IIII-II 7
42 – 63 IIII-IIII 8
64 – 85 IIII-II 7
86 – 107 IIII 4
108 – 129 I 1
130 – 151 IIII 4
152 - 173 I 1
Average Monthly Kilowatt-hours
Step 7:

Class Interval Tally Frequency Class boundary

20 – 41 IIII-II 7 19.5 –41.5
42 – 63 IIII-IIII 8 41.5 – 63.5
64 – 85 IIII-II 7 63.5 –85.5
86 – 107 IIII 4 85.5 – 107.5
108 – 129 I 1 107.5 –129.5
130 – 151 IIII 4 129.5 –151.5
152 - 173 I 1 151.5 –173.5
Average Monthly Kilowatt-hours of Households in Barangay Santiago
 Variations of the FDT include relative and cumulative
frequencies.
For example, using data:
Class Interval Relative Cumulative
Frequency Frequency Relative Frequency
20 – 41 7 0.21875 7 = Frequency/
Total Frequency
42 – 63 8 0.25 15
64 – 85 7 0.21875 22
Cumulative Frequency
86 – 107 4 0.125 26
= It is the 'running total'
108 – 129 1 0.03125 27 of frequencies.

130 – 151 4 0.125 31

152 - 173 1 0.03125 32
n=32