GROUP 5

• SHRAVAN C R
• SIJO MON
• SISIRA
• SREELEKSHMI R
• SREELEKSHMI B S
• SUNIL S
• SURAJ K S
• VEENA R
• VIDYA V
• VINEETHA RAJ
• VINITHA S
• YADUKRISHNAN K V
INTRODUCTION
SIJO MON T
GROUP 5
S2
RM
 WHAT ARE REPORTS?
• Report are document that are used for getting and receiving
factual information
• They are presented formally in writing
• The main purpose of report is to provide information needed for
decision to be made and action to be taken
• A report is detailed information of what has been done and how its has
been done with respect to particular area of Topic. Report help to anyalsis
of conditions , situations or problem to find effective solution.
 REPORT WRITING
• Report writing is formal style of writing elaborately on topic.
• The tune of a report is always formal.
• Report are required for judging the performance of various
organization.
• It is study of facts and information and It helps the management
in an organization for making plans and solving issues in the
organization.
(Contd.)
• Report writing is common to both academic and managerial situations.
• In academics, reports are used for comprehensive and application oriented learning.
• Student reports are called term papers, project reports, theses, and dissertations depending on
the nature of the report, the time and effort expected of the student, and the curriculum design.
• Further, researchers put out their initial findings in a research report, paper, or monograph,
which is later condensed into an article or expanded into a series of articles or a book.
• In organizations, reports form the basis for decision making. These reports are expected to be
brief but comprehensive and reflect the thinking of the manager, the management committee, or
the consulting group that has been given the terms of reference for fact finding or decision
making.
FUNCTIONS, PURPOSE AND
SIZE OF REPORTS

SURAJ K S
GROUP 5
S2
 FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH REPORT

1. SYSTEMATIC RECORD OF RESEARCH:-

It serves as means to place problems,
data analysis, findings and conclusion in organized manner.

2. HELP TO KNOW THE QUALITY OF WORK DONE BY THE

RESEARCHER:-
The report is manifestation of reporter’s skill and
presentation.
(Contd.)

3. Helps to take appropriate action and policy.

4. It serves as a reference material for future use.

5. It reveals the reearch ability of the researcher.

6. It is useful to policy makers and administrators for making policies

and decisions.
 PURPOSE OF RESEARCH REPORT

• To present in conference

• Publish in journals and articles

• Get grand or financial aid

• Transmission of Knowledge

• Presentation of Findings

• Examining the Validity of the Generalizations

• Inspiration for Further Research

 SIZE OF RESEARCH REPORT

• The research report should be of medium size, neither too short nor too bulky.

• Whereas a concise report fails to contain all the relevant facts and essential data,
the very size of a voluminous report discourages the readers on its first appearance
one way to solve the problem of the bulky report is to split it to two separate
volumes, one for the main report and the other for containing the appendices,
tables etc.
NEEDS&CHARACTERISTIC
S OF REPORT WRITING

VIDYA. V
GROUP 5
SEM-2
NEEDS/OBJECTIVES/IMPORTANCE OF
REPORT WRITING

1. Decision Making
2. Investigation
3. Evaluation
4. Quick Location
5. Development of skill
6. Neutral presentation of facts
7. Proper Control
8. A managerial Tool
 CHARACTERISTICS OF REPORT
WRITING
 1. Simplicity
2. Clarity
3. Positivity
4. Punctuation
5. Approach
6. Readability
7. Accuracy
8. Logical Sequence
9. Proper Form
10. Presentation.
TYPES OF REPORT

VINITHA
VINCENT
GROUP 5
S2
 TYPES OF REPORT

1. Oral report
2. Written report
A) Popular report .
B) Technical report .
C) Interim report .
D) Summary report
 1. ORAL REPORT

• What goes on in seminar, conferences, symposia etc are mainly oral

presentation.
• The merit of this approach lies in the fact that it provides an opportunity
for give and take decisions which generally lead to a better
understanding of the findings and their implications.
• Oral presentation is effective when supplemented by various visual
devices like slide, charts etc
 2.WRITTEN REPORT

• Presentation of information or results in writing requires many qualities and a

great deal of effort by the researchers.
• Utmost attention should be paid for writing the research report.
• Written reports are of different types such as
(a) Popular report
(b) technical report
(c) Interim report
(d) summary report
 A) POPULAR REPORT

• A popular report is used when the research results have policy

implications.
• This is the report meant to be read by general public or layman.
• It should present broad facts, findings and recommendations. It
must be interesting simple and lucid.
 B) TECHNICAL REPORT

• A technical report is used whenever a full written report of the

study is required.
• Technical report is written by an expert to be read by another
expert.
• In this sense, a thesis is a technical report intended to be read by
another researcher.
• Not only thesis, but even a monograph, a journal, article are
technical writings
 C) INTERIM REPORT

• When there is long time gap between data collection and

presentation of report in the case of a project, the study may
lose it’s significance and usefulness.
• In such cases an interim report can be presented. Interim
report may contain either the first results of the analysis or
final outcome of the analysis of certain completely analyzed
aspect.
 D) SUMMARY REPORT

• A summary report is generally prepared for the conception of the

general public.
• This type of report is desirable for any study whose findings are
of general interest.
• It is written in simple language avoiding technical languages,
using pictorial charts.
• It contains brief reference to the objective of the study, major
findings and their implications.
SUBSTANCE OF
REPORT

Submitted by
SUNIL S
S2 MBA
 SUBSTANCE OF REPORT

• Summary
• Table of contents
• Abstract
• Preface
 SUMMARY
An executive summary should summarize the key points of the
report. It should restate the purpose of the report, highlight the major
points of the report, and describe any results, conclusions, or
recommendations from the report. It should include enough
information so the reader can understand what is discussed in the full
report, without having to read it.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
The table of contents is an organized listing of your
document’s chapters, sections and, often, figures, clearly
labelled by page number. Readers should be able to look at
your table of contents page and understand immediately
how your paper is organized, enabling them to skip to any
relevant section or sub-section. The table of contents
should list all front matter, main content and back matter,
including the headings and page numbers of all chapters
and the bibliography.
Example.01
 ABSTRACT
An abstract is a short summary of your completed
research. It is intended to describe your work without
going into great detail. Abstracts should be self-contained
and concise, explaining your work as briefly and clearly as
possible. Different disciplines call for slightly different
approaches to abstracts, as will be illustrated by the
examples below, so it would be wise to study some
abstracts from your own field before you begin to write
one.
 PREFACE

• A preface is also optional.

• The preface is an introductory statement written to
announce the purpose and scope of the report.
• A preface should do the following:
I. Provide the background and purpose of the report.
II. Specify the audience of the report.
III. Acknowledge any direct or indirect assistance.
IV. Cite permission for copyrighted work.
FORMAT OF REPORT
PREFACTORY ITEMS IN
FORMAT OF REPORT
YADUKRISHNAN K V
GROUP 5
S2
 FORMAT OF REPORT
• There is no one best format for all reports. Format depends on several relevant
variables.
• One must employ a suitable format to create desirable impression with clarity.
Report must be attractive. It should be written systematically and bound carefully.
• A report must use the format (often called structure) that best fit the needs and
wants of its readers.
• Normally, following format is suggested as a basic outline, which has sufficient
flexibly to meet the most situations.
 I. FIRST PART (FORMALITY PART):
PREFACTORY ITEMS
• Cover page
• Title page
• Certificate or statement
• Index (brief contents)
• Table of contents (detailed index)
• Acknowledgement
• List of tables and figures used
• Preface/Abstract
BODY OF THE
REPORT

VINEETHA RAJ
GROUP 5
S2
BODY OF REPORT
The body of the report:
• presents the information from your research, both real world and
theoretical, or your design
• organises information logically under appropriate headings
• conveys information in the most effective way for communication by
means of:
• figures and tables
• bulleted or numbered lists
• formatting to break up large slabs of text.
 BODY OF REPORT

• INTRODUCTION:-
- Introduction to the study or theory.
- Introduction to the company.
- Aim of the study.
- Need or significance of the study.
- Statement of the problem.
- Scope of study.
- Objectives of study.
- Hypothesis to be tested.
- Chapterisation
• Review of Literature:-
- Tools or methods used in similar studies.
- Findings and conclusions of earlier studies.
- Details of available literature.
• Research Methodology
- Nature of research design

- Sources of data
- Sampling design and sample size
- Techniques or tools of data collection
- Methodology of data collection
- Period of data collection
- Pretesting of tools
- Data analysis
- Limitations of study
• Analysis and Interpretation of Data:-
- Data
- Tables
- Charts
- Interpretations
- Inferences
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION IS THE
MOST IMPORTANT PART IN BODY OF REPORT.
• Summary and Conclusion
- Summary
- Findings
- Suggestions
- Conclusion
- Future line of work
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESULTS,
CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS?

• Results: The shoes got soaking wet, the leather cracked as it dried, and the soles
separated from the tops.
• Conclusions: These shoes were not waterproof and not meant to be worn when
walking in water. In addition, the high price of the shoes is not closely linked
with durability.
• Recommendations: In the future, the wearer of this type of shoe should watch
out for puddles, not just treetops. When buying shoes, the wearer should
determine the extent of the shoes’ waterproofing and/or any warranties on
durability.
END ITEMS AND SALIENT
POINTS NEEDED TO
EXECUTE A REPORT
SREELEKSHMI B S
GROUP 5
S2
END ITEMS OF REPORT

• APPENDIX
• GLOSSARY
• LITERATURE CITED
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• REFERENCES
• ANNEXURES
 SALIENT POINTS NEEDED TO EXECUTE A
REPORT
• There must be a research problem and it is spelt out in clear terms.
• The title of the report will indicate the primary objective of study.
• The various dimensions of the research form the secondary objectives.
• It must have a definite order.
• Adequate care must be given.
• It must be narrative, authoritative, specific, accurate, target oriented, non persuasive, simple,
logical and understandable.
PRESENTATION OF
REPORT

SREELAKSHMI R NAIR
GROUP 5
MBA 2ND SEM
 PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH REPORT

• Writing an abstract
• Oral presentation
• Compelling a PowerPoint
 WRITING AN ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT; A short statement that describe a longer work.

• Indicate the subject.

• Describe the purpose of the investigation.
• Briefly discuss the method used.
• Make a statement about the result.
 ORAL PRESENTATION

Oral presentation usually introduce a discussion of a topic or a research paper. A good

oral presentation is focused concise, and interesting in order to trigger a discussion.
• Be well prepared; write a detailed outline.
• Introduce the subject.
• Talk about the sources and the method.
• Indicate if there are conflicting views about the subject (conflicting views trigger
discussion.)
• Make a statement about your new result(if this is your research paper.)
• Use visual aids or handouts if appropriate.
 COMPILING A POWERPOINT
An effective PowerPoint presentation is just an aid to the presentation itself.

DO’S
• Be brief and concise.
• Focus on the subject.
• Attract attention; indicate interesting details.
• If possible, use relevant visual illustrations (pictures, maps, charts graphs, etc..)
• Use bullet points or numbers to structure the text.
• Make clear statements about the essence\results of the topic\research.
DON’TS

• Don’t write down the whole outline of your paper and nothing else.
• Don’t write long full sentence on the slides.
• Don’t use distracting colours, patterns, pictures, decorations on the slides.
• Don’t use too complicated charts, graph; only those that are relatively easy to
understand.
 PRESENTATIONS

• Oral presentation
• Poster session
• Computer based presentation
• Slide presentation format
• Written presentation
• Multimedia presentation
 PROCEDURE OF
PREPARATION OF
REFERENCE

Veena R
Group 5
S2
 WHAT IS REFERENCE

Referencing can be described as giving credit, with

citation, to the source of information used in one's work.
Research is a build up on what other people have previously
done thus referencing helps to relate your own work to
previous work.
 CITING REFERENCES

A citation is a way in which we tell the readers that certain material in our work
came from another source.

Citation style
There is no single standardized format for citation. three most commonly used
citation styles are
1. APA Citation style
2. MLA Style
3. Chicago Manuel of style
 AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION(APA) CITATION STYLE

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This
means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should
appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for
each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Chicago manual of style

 It is the indispensable reference for writers, editors, proof-readers, indexers,
copywriters, designers, and publishers, informing the editorial canon with sound,
definitive advice.
 PROCESS IN CREATING REFERENCE PAGE

Throughout an APA style document, and this includes the references

page, a uniform font is required (12 point Arial or Times Roman), 1-
inch margins (all around), and double spacing. The references page
also must include hanging indents.
After you've written your paper and made note of every source you've
cited, you're ready to create your references page. Here are your next
steps:
• Start a new page, and center the title References at the top. Do not
use all capital letters, bold or underlining.
• Enter your sources in alphabetical order, beginning with the last
name first. Continue entering your sources, double spacing
throughout the whole references page.
• Use hanging indents if the source's name, title, publisher, etc., go
longer than one line (most do). A hanging indent is when all lines
after the first are indented five spaces, a required element of APA
style.
PROCEDURE FOR
PREPARATION OF
BIBLIOGRAPHY

SISIRA S
GROUP 5
S2
 GENERAL RULES FOR
PREPARATION OF BIBIOGRAPHY
• Create the bibliography page at the end of your paper on a new page.
• Label this page bibliography at the top middle of the page.
• Do not underline, bold, enlarge or use quotes for the word
Bibliography.
• The bibliography should include all sources cited within the work
and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited
but provide further reading.
 DO I NEED A BIBLIOGRAPHY?
• If you read any articles or books in preparing your paper, you need a bibliography or
footnotes.

• If you cite the arguments of “critics” and “supporters,” even if you don’t name them or quote
them directly, you are likely referring to information you read in books or articles as opposed
to information you’ve gathered first hand, like a news reporter, and so you need a
bibliography.

• If you quote sources and put some of the reference information in the text, you still need a
bibliography, so that readers can track down the source material for themselves.
How to write a bibliography
• These guidelines follow those of the American Psychological Association and may be slightly
different than what you’re used to, but we will stick with them for the sake of consistency.
• Notice the use of punctuation. Publication titles may be either italicized or underlined, but not
both.

(1)Books
• Books are the bibliography format with which you’re probably most familiar. Books follow this
pattern:
a) Author Last Name, Author First Name. (Publication Year) Title. Publisher’s City: Publisher.
Page numbers.
b) Alexander, Carol. (2001) Market Models: A Guide to Financial Data Analysis. New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons. pp. 200-220.
Periodicals
Periodicals remove the publisher city and name and add the title of the article and the volume or issue number of the
periodical. Notice article titles are put in quotation marks and only the publication title is italicized or underlined.
• Author Last Name, Author First Name. (Publication Date—could be more than a year) “Article Title.”Publication
Title, Vol. #. (Issue #), Page numbers.
• Salman, William A. (July-August 1997) “How to Write a Great Business Plan.” Harvard Business Review 74. pp.
98-108.

Web versions of printed material

• Because web sources are time-sensitive, meaning that web content can change day by day, it is important to
include the day of retrieval and the URL from which you quoted the material. You include this in a retrieval
statement.
• Note that you should not break the Internet address of the link, even if it requires its own line. Very long URLs,
such as those that occur when using an online database, can be shortened by removing the retrieval code. (The
retrieval code usually consists of a long string of unintelligible letters and numbers following the end point “htm”
or “html.” Remove everything that occurs after that point to shorten.)
How to cite sources in the text
In-text citations alert readers to cited material and tell them exactly where to go and
look. These citations work in conjunction with a bibliography.
• Usually, an in-text citation is a combination of a name (usually the author’s) and a
number (either a year, a page number, or both).
• For Internet sources, use the original publication date, not your retrieval date.
• Internet sources also do not have page numbers, so use your discretion in the format that
will direct the reader closest to the relevant section. You can number the paragraphs
(abbreviate “par.”) or chapters (abbreviate “chap.”) or sections (abbreviate “sec.”).
• If there is no author listed, the document’s title should be used in place of the author’s
name. Use the entire title but not the subtitle. Subtitles are anything appearing after a
colon (:).
SUMMARISING AND
CONCLUSION
SHRAVAN C R
GROUP 5
S2
 CONCLUSION

• Research reports are recorded data prepared by researchers or statisticians after

analysing information gathered by conducting organized research, typically in
the form of surveys or qualitative methods.
• Ideal research reports are extremely accurate in the offered information with a
clear objective and conclusion.
• There should be a clean and structured format for these reports to be effective in
relaying information.
(contd.)

• A research report is a document prepared by an analyst or strategist

who is a part of the investment research team in a stock brokerage
or investment bank. A research report may focus on a specific stock or
industry sector, a currency, commodity or fixed-income instrument, or
on a geographic region or country. Research reports generally, but not
always, have actionable recommendations such as investment ideas
that investors can act upon.
• Research reports are produced by a variety of sources, ranging
from market research firms to in-house departments at large
organizations. When applied to the investment industry, the term
usually refers to sell-side research, or investment research produced by
brokerage houses.
THANKYOU