Dipole moment

Introduction, theory, dipole of aliphatic , aromatic

compounds
Dipole moment:
Separation of charges in a molecule due to
i. Difference of electronegativites
ii. Presence of formal charges
H∂+-Cl ∂- (CH3)3N+-O-
Definition:
“Product of charge on either end and distance between centers of two charges.”
u =qxd
Description:
• On the whole molecule is neutral
• Positive and negative charges are equal in magnitude.
• Represented by arrow from positive to negative end.
• Unit: Debye [after the name of scientist]
esu cm
• Not possible to measure individual dipole
moments but the whole dipole moment
Dipole moment of polyatomic molecules:
• If more than 1 dipoles are there we take vectorial sum of individual bond
moments
• Dipole moment of cis and trans isomers
Dipole moment of aromatic compounds:
• Arrow pointing from electron donating towards electron withdrawing
group
For di substituted aromatic compounds:
• Activity