IDENTIFICATION

Legal Medicine group-1

PowerPoint compiled by Pragitya Ambastha [02]
 FORENSIC
ANTHROPOLOGY
Researched by : Rahul Amar [01]
 Definition
• Forensic anthropology is a special sub-field of physical anthropology (the study of human
remains) that involves applying skeletal analysis and techniques in archaeology to solving
criminal cases.
• When human remains or a suspected burial are found, forensic anthropologists are called
upon to gather information from the bones and their recovery context to determine who died,
how they died, and how long ago they died.
• A forensic anthropologist can read the evidence in a skeleton like you read a book. The
techniques they use to answer questions in criminal cases can be applied to skeletons of any
age, modern or ancient. The stages of growth and development in bones and teeth provide
information about whether the remains represent a child or adult. The shape of pelvic bones
provides the best evidence for the sex of the person.
• Abnormal changes in the shape, size and density of bones can indicate disease
or trauma. Bones marked by perimortem injuries, such as unhealed fractures,
bullet holes, or cuts, can reveal cause of death. The trained anthropologist is
also able to identify skeletal clues of ancestry. Even certain activities, diet, and
ways of life are reflected in bones and teeth
• Sex, age, and stature are primary characteristics of identification. Using
physical markers present on a skeleton, a forensic anthropologist can
potentially determine a person's age, sex, stature, and race. It is useful in
identifying living individuals for legal purposes such as illegal immigrants.
This is extremely important in legal cases where the court needs to decide if
they will judge an individual as an adult or a minor.
 History of Forensic Anthropology
• Thomas Dwight (1843-1911) is credited with being the
Father of Forensic Anthropology in the United States. He
was the first to write articles and essays and give lectures
on human skeletal identification, the original designation
of forensic anthropology.
• Earnest Hooton, one of the pioneers in the field of
physical anthropology pioneered the field of physical
anthropology and became the first physical anthropologist
to hold a full-time teaching position in the United States.
 The growth of Forensic Anthropology
During the 1940s, Krogman was the first anthropologist to actively publicize
anthropologists' potential forensic value, going as far as placing advertisements
in the FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin informing agencies of the ability of
anthropologists to assist in the identification of skeletal remains. This period
saw the first official use of anthropologists by federal agencies including the
FBI. During the 1950s, the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps employed forensic
anthropologists in the identification of war casualties during the Korean War.
[12] It was at this time that forensic anthropology officially began.
 Application of Forensic Anthropology
One of the main tools forensic anthropologists use in the identification of
remains is their knowledge of osteology and the differences that occur within
the human skeleton To do this, anthropologists must be aware of how the human
skeleton can differ between individuals
 1] Determination of Sex
• Depending on which bones are present, sex can be determined by
looking for distinctive sexual dimorphisms. When available, the pelvis is
extremely useful in the determination of sex and when properly
examined can achieve sex determination with a great level of accuracy.
The examination of the pubic arch and the location of the sacrum can
help determine sex.
• Specific markers on the skull include the temporal line, the eye sockets,
the supraorbital ridge, as well as the nuchal lines, and the mastoid
process. In general, male skulls tend to be larger and thicker than female
skulls, and to have more pronounced ridges.
• In addition, forensic anthropologists are generally unable to make a sex
determination unless the individual was an adult at the time of death. The
sexual dimorphisms present in the skeleton begin to occur during
puberty and are not fully pronounced until after sexual maturation.
• Consequently, there is currently no reliable method of sex determination of
juvenile remains from cranial or post-cranial skeletal elements since dimorphic
traits only become apparent after puberty, and this represents a fundamental
problem in archaeological and forensic investigations. However, teeth may
assist in estimating sex since both sets of teeth are formed well before puberty .
• Sexual dimorphism has been observed in both deciduous and permanent
dentition, although it is much less in deciduous teeth. On average, male teeth
are slightly larger than female teeth, with the greatest difference observed in the
canine teeth. Examination of internal dental tissues has also shown that male
teeth consist of absolutely and proportionately greater quantities of dentine than
females. Such differences in dental tissue proportions could also be useful in
sex determination.
 2] Determination of stature
• Stature is given as a range of possible values, in centimetres, and typically computed by
measuring the bones of the leg. The three bones that are used are the femur, the tibia, and the
fibula. In addition to the leg bones, the bones of the arm, the humerus, ulna, and radius can be
used.
• Sex, ancestry, and age should be determined before attempting to ascertain height, if possible.
This is due to the differences that occur between populations, sexes, and age groups. By
knowing all the variables associated with height, a more accurate estimate can be made.
• It is also important to note an individual's approximate age when determining stature. This is
due to the shrinkage of the skeleton that naturally occurs as a person ages. After age 30, a
person loses approximately one centimetre of their height every decade
 3] Determination of Age
The determination of an individual's age by anthropologists
depends on whether or not the individual was an adult or a child.
The determination of the age of children, under the age of 21, is
usually performed by examining the teeth. When teeth are not
available, children can be aged based on which growth plates are
sealed. The tibia plate seals around age 16 or 17 in girls and
around 18 or 19 in boys. The clavicle is the last bone to complete
growth and the plate is sealed around age 25. In addition, if a
complete skeleton is available anthropologists can count the
number of bones. While adults have 206 bones, the bones of a
child have not yet fused resulting in a much higher number.
 4] Determination of Ancestry
◦ The determination of an individual's ancestry is typically grouped
into three historical groups, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.
However, the use of these classifications is becoming much harder as
the rate of inter-ancestrial marriages increases and markers become
less defined. By measuring distances between landmarks on the skull
as well as the size and shape of specific bones anthropologists can
use a series of equations to estimate ancestry. Typically, the maxilla is
used to help anthropologists determine an individual's ancestry due to
the three basic shapes, hyperbolic, parabolic, and rounded, belonging
to the three historical ancestries, Negroid, Caucasoid, and Mongoloid
respectively. In addition to the maxilla, the zygomatic arch and the
nasal opening have been used to narrow down possible ancestry
 Other markers
• Anthropologists are also able to see other markers present on the bones. . Cause of death is not
determined by the forensic anthropologist, as they are not qualified to do so. However, they
are able to determine the type of trauma experienced such as gun shot wound, blunt force,
sharp force, or a mixture thereof.
• It is also possible to determine if a fracture occurred ante-mortem (before death), peri-mortem
(at the time of death), or post-mortem (after death). Ante-mortem fractures will show signs of
healing (depending on how long before death the fracture occurred) while peri- and post-
mortem fractures will not.
• Peri-mortem fractures can incorporate quite a large range of time, as ante-mortem trauma that
is unrelated directly to death may not have had time to begin the healing process. Peri-mortem
fractures will usually appear clean with rounded margins and equal discolouration after death,
while post-mortem breaks will appear brittle.
 Case reference - 1
A hunter is in the woods and comes across what he thinks is a human skull.
He marks the area and goes to get police to bring them back to the area. A
forensic anthropologist might be called to assist in determining first of all if
the remains are in fact human. If the remains are human then the
anthropologist can assist law enforcement with the collection of the remains
at the scene. Typically the anthropologist would photograph the remains prior
to removal and also make a pictorial view or site map of the area so that if
need be the scene could be recreated later. During the scene work the
anthropologist would work with other crime scene specialists who might be
interested in other evidence that cold be found at the scene such as weapons,
blood, DNA, etc. Forensic anthropologists can then look at the bones to
establish a profile of the remains including the age, sex, ethnicity, height, time
since death, and trauma. If the police have a missing person in mind, the
forensic anthropologist can then work with the medical examiner and forensic
odontologist to determine if the identity is a match.
Case reference - 2
◦ A forensic pathologist is presented with partially decomposed
remains of an individual and the identity has already been
established. However, there is evidence of multiple traumatic
injuries (example: gun shot wounds and/or knife wounds) that
occurred close to the time of death and the state of the remains
prevents the pathologist from being able to fully understand
the extent of the trauma to the remains. The forensic
anthropologist aids the pathologist by cleaning the bones and
looking closely at them to determine the number and type of
traumatic episodes. Through their analyses the forensic
anthropologist is able to identify multiple types of traumatic
injury, potentially an important factor in the trial.
 FORENSIC
ODONTOLOGY
Researched by : CHANDRAKANT BHUJANGRAO ANDHALE [04]
 Introduction
• Forensic Odontology is defined as, the branch of dentistry which deals
with the proper handling, examination & evaluation of dental evidences
and with the proper presentation of dental findings in the interest of
justice.
• Forensic dentistry is a specialty that relates dental evidence to
investigation.
• It provides an important community service in both the civil and
criminal jurisdictions.
• Forensic dental services are of value both in death investigations and in
clinical forensic medicine for evaluation of living victims of sexual
assault, child abuse & other domestic violence cases.
 Dentistry Vs Forensic Odontology
Dentistry
◦ • Dentistry is the "evaluation, diagnosis,
prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical,
surgical or related procedures) of
diseases, disorders and/or conditions of
the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and/or
the adjacent and associated structures and
their impact on the human body".
Dentistry is necessary for complete oral
health.
Forensic Odontology
◦ . • Forensic odontology is the proper
handling, examination and evaluation of
dental evidence, which will be then
presented in the interest of justice. The
evidence that may be derived from teeth,
is the age (in children) and identification
of the person to whom the teeth belong.
This is done using dental records or ante-
mortem (prior to death) photographs.
 Basic Concept
• The theory behind forensic dentistry is that no two mouths are alike (even
identical twins are different), and that teeth, like tools, leave recognizable marks.
• Most people have dental records, or these can be created through making a
dental impression from a suspect. These can then be compared to either teeth
found on a corpse or bite marks found at the scene of a crime.
• *It relies on sound knowledge of teeth and jaws, possessed by dentist and
incorporates dental anatomy, histology radiography, dental materials and
developmental anomalies of dentition.
• •The interpretation of dental evidence is a specialist task, undertaken by a
forensic odontologist who may be called as an expert witness in a case.
 Historical Aspect
• 1 dental identification was made between 49-66 AD (Agrippina Emperor
Claudius, Lollia Paulina).
• King William; 1066 AD is supposed to be the 1 to use bite marks for
identification.
• The earliest known identification from teeth is in 1775 by Paul Revere. -
Paul Revere made a säver bridge for one man. The man was killed in the
• Revolutionary War. -Body was in mass grave and identified by his silver
dental work.
• 1837- Dr Edwin Saunders established the eruption sequence.
• 1897-Dr Oscar Amoedo (father of forensic odontology) wrote the first
book of forensic dentistry- L'Art Dentaire en Medicine Legole.
 The Role
• Forensic dentistry plays a major role in identification in man made or natural disaster
-events that result in multiple fatalities that may not be identifiable through
conventional methods such as finger prints.
• This field is very important in identifying human remains that are
• Decomposed, mutilated, or visually unrecognizable.
• The scope of forensic odontology is wide and includes the identification of victims of
transport accidents, gunshot/heavy artillery, and incineration in vehicles and house fires.
• It also includes the examination of bite marks inflicted by humans (commonly found in
violent crimes & child abuse cases) and animals in a variety of circumstances.
• Teeth marks may be left in food, pencils or other items left at crime scenes.
 Scope of Forensic Odontology
◦ 1. Identifying unknown human remains through dental records & cranio facial bones.
◦ 2. Age estimation of both the living and deceased.
◦ 3. Recognition and analysis of bite marks found on victims.
◦ 4. Analysis of oro-facial trauma associated with person abuse.
◦ 5. Determining the gender of an unidentified individual.
◦ 6. Eliciting the ethnicity.
◦ 7. Assisting in building up a picture of lifestyle and diet of skeletal remains.
◦ 8. Analysis of dental malpractice claims.
◦ 9. Presenting evidence in court as an expert witness.
When is dental identification required ?
• - Decomposing remains
• - Skeletonized remains
• - Charred remains
• - Do Identification; Intact remains without any putative victim
• - Scientific verification of identity is anticipated
• - Multiple bodies recovered from a location
• - Mass disaster
 The perfect identifier ?
• Since teeth can resist extreme conditions, they are the excellent source of DNA.

• . This facilitates comparison with the known biological ante-mortem sample of the
person such as hair, epithelial cells from a tooth brush or a biopsy specimen.

• . If the persons ante-mortem sample is unavailable, the DNA pattern may be

compared to a parent or a sibling, thus allowing identification.
FINGERPRINTING
Researched by : Balagurusamy Kowshik Surya [05] & Yashmitha Balasubramanian [06]
 Dactylography

1] Dermatoglyphics
It is the study of ridge patterns in the skin. This
system was first used in India in 1858, by Sir
William Herschel in Bengal. Sir Francis Galton
systematized this method in 1892.
2] Principle
Fingerprints are impressions of patterns formed
by the papillary or epidermal ridges of the
fingertips.
 Classification
1] Loops (about 60 to 70 percent) 3] Arches (about 6 to 7 percent).
A] radial A] plain
B] ulnar B] tented
C] exceptional
4] Composite (about 1 to 2 percent).
2] Whorls (about 25 to 35 percent)
A] central pocket loops
A] concentric
B] spiral B] lateral pocket loops
C] double spiral C] twinned loops
D] almond-shaped D] accidentals
 Identification
The final identification of any fingerprint is made by comparison of many details
of characteristics which occur throughout the ridge areas and by the sequence in
which these characteristics occur, but not by comparing the patterns.
The characteristics may take the form of ridge endings, bifurcations, lake
formations, or island formations. In practice 10 to 12 points of fine comparison
are accepted as proof of identity.
The patterns are not inherited and paternity cannot be proved through fingerprint
patterns. The pattern is different even in identical twins. The fingerprint patterns
are distinctive and permanent in individuals. The fingerprint system is the only
guide to identity.
Studies Linked With
Fingerprints
1] Ridgeology
The study of friction ridges which are composed
of the edges of ridge units which vary in size,
shape and alignment.

2] Edgeoscopy
The study of edges of friction ridges which
normally show seven characteristic features.
3] Poroscopy
A further study, The ridges on fingers and hands are studded with
microscopic pores, formed by mouths of ducts of subepidermal sweat
glands.
Each millimeter of a ridge contains 9 to 18 pores. These pores number
in thousands per square centimeter.
These pores are permanent and unchanged during life and vary in size,
shape, width, starting and stopping on occasion and branching at
points, position, extent and number, distribution and arrangement of
the pores over a given length of ridge in each individual.
This method is useful when only fragments of fingerprints are
available, when there is no specific pattern.
 The Individuality of
Fingerprints
The fingerprints are capable of endless variation
so that it has been speculated that there is one
chance in sixty-four billions of two persons
having identical fingerprints.
Quetlet' s rule states that every nature-made
objects present infinite variation in forms and no
patterns are ever alike.
 Mode Of
Production
The fingerprint contain oil
exuded by the sebaceous
glands, which is present on
the fingertips through
touching the face, neck, hair,
scalp, etc. If any part of
finger is applied to a smooth
surface, a greasy impression
of its pattern is made on it.
 Techniques Of Fingerprinting
The hands are washed, cleaned and dried, as otherwise the print will be blurred.
The fingerprints are recorded on unglazed white paper using printer's ink.
1] Plain Fingerprint
• Taken by applying ink to the tips of the fingers and placing the fingers directly
on paper.
2] Rolled Fingerprint
• Taken by rolling the fingers on paper from outward to inward in such a way as
to obtain an impression of the whole tip.
 Types
1] Latent print (Chance print)
• An invisible or barely visible impression left on a smooth surface.
2] Visible prints
• It is formed by fingers stained with blood or ink or other medium.
3] Plastic print
• An impression made on a soft surface, such as soap, cheese, mud,
pitch, candles, thick dried blood, adhesives, etc.
 Development OF Latent Print
Fingerprints may be taken from almost any surface with
which the fingers come in contact, including certain fabrics
and human skin. A latent print may be developed by dusting
the area with colored powders to provide a contrast, and its
pattern is recorded by photography. It can also be examined
by oblique lighting.
The commonly used powder is 'grey' powder (chalk and
mercury), but white powders (lead carbonate or French
chalk) are used for dusting dark surfaces.
Fingerprints on paper, wood and fabrics are developed by treating them with
5% silver nitrate solution and then fixing them with odium thiosulphate.
Fingerprints on paper can also be developed by exposing it to the vapors of
iodine or osmium tetroxide.
Electron autoradiography method uses a high energy beam of X-rays to
irradiate the lead dust on fingermarks. The scanning electron microscope
visualizes latent fingerprints on metal and glass. Using a continuous wave
argon ion laser and observing through suitable filters, latent fingerprints show
luminescence. Even ten years old fingerprints can be developed.
 Lifting Of Fingerprints
• Fingerprints on a large immovable hard surface is developed, photographed and then
adhesive surface of cellophane tape is pressed on the print, taken out gently and pasted
against a cardboard sheet for permanent preservation.

• Assailant’s Fingerprints - The fingerprints of an assailant will remain on the victim only
after death. During pre-death struggle both the assailant and the victim will sweat due to
nervous tension, and one exudate will cancel out the other. After death, the victim will
not sweat, due to which the fingerprints will be left on the body. Electronographic
method is used to develop latent fingerprints on skin of living persons or dead bodies.
 Fingerprints On Decomposed
Bodies
Ridges are present both in dermis and epidermis. In advanced putrefaction and
in cases of drowning, the skin is frequently found loose like a glove, which
should be removed, preserved in formalin and used for impressions. Prints can
be obtained from the dermis m er epidermis is lost. Histological sections up to a
Identification 87 depth of 0.6 mm. from the surface of the skin give satisfactory
fingerprints. In dead bodies, the palmar skin of the terminal phalanx of each
finger should be removed separately from both hands, and after labelling, placed
in separate containers, containing 10% formalin, and sent to the fingerprint
bureau, if it is not possible to take the prints.
 Mutilation Of Fingerprints
• Criminals sometimes attempt to mutilate the pattern by self inflicted wounds or burns,
application of corrosives or erosion against a hard surface, but they are not destroyed
unless the true skin is completely destroyed. They produce additional characteristics. It
leaves some part of the skin undamaged, unless skin grafts are made.
• In most cases of coeliac disease, there is moderate epidermal ridge atrophy and even
loss of pattern. Incomplete atrophy of the ridges is usually seen in dermatitis. Ridge
alteration occurs in eczema, acanthosis nigricans, scleroderma, and dry or atrophic
skin.
• Permanent impairment of the fingerprint pattern occurs in leprosy. electric injury and
after exposure to radiation. In infantile paralysis, rickets and acromegaly, though the
pattern is not altered, the distance between the ridges can be changed.
 Computerization
Fingerprint reader (FINDER) is a
computerized automatic fingerprint reading
system which can record each fingerprint
data in half second. Prints of eight fingers
are recorded excluding little fingers. The
light reflected from a fingerprint can be
measured and converted to digital data
which is classified, codified and stored in
the computer.
 Medicolegal Importance
• The recognition of impressions left at a scene of crime, e.g., on weapons,
furniture, doors, utensils, clothes, etc., establish the identity of the criminal.
• The identification of suicides, deserters, persons suffering from loss of memory
or those dead or unconscious after being involved in an accident and of
decomposing bodies.
• Identification in case of accidental exchange of newborn infants.
• The prevention of impersonation & To maintain identity records.
• Cheques, bank notes and other
legal documents can bear a
fingerprint.
• Rough idea about the age of a
finger print can be made by
studying the migration of
chloride ions from the
fingerprint.
• In criminals, impressions of all
the ten fingers are taken, but
for civil purposes, the left
thumb impression only is
taken.
HAIR AND FIBER
Researched by : Balamurali Anantharaj [03] & Sharwari Barai [07]
 Fiber background
• There are two general types of fibers, natural and manufactured. Natural fibers have been utilized by
humans for centuries and are derived from plants and animals. The first manufactured fiber (Rayon –
1911) brought about a great revolution in the variety of fibers available and they have continued to
replaced natural fibers over the years.
•  
• COTTON fibers are flattened and twisted tubes. They consist of long tubular cells, with thickened edges
and blunt-pointed ends.
• LINEN fibers show cross lines or folds about which the fiber is often swollen and has a narrow lumen.
Fibres are straight and taper to a point.
• JUTE fibers are smooth without transverse lines. The cell cavity is not uniform. The ends are blunt.
• SILK consists of long clear threads without any cells. They are smooth and finely striated.
• SILK consists of long clear threads without any cells. They are smooth and finely striated.
 Hair background
• Trichology is the study of hair. Hair grows at the rate of 0.4 mm/day.

Hair or some other fiber?

• HAIR consists of bulb or root and a shaft. Considerable force is required to
pluck out a lot of healthy growing hair from scalp. An adult can be lifted or
dragged by the hair and the scalp may even be torn from the skull.
 Anatomy : Hair
◦ In most hair, there are three well- defined layers.
A] CUTICLE: This is the outer layer and consists of thin,
non-pigmented scales.
B] CORTEX: This is the middle layer and consists of
longitudinally arranged, elongated cells without nuclei.
Within these cells are fibrils on which there may be granules
of pigment.
C] MEDULLA: This is the inner layer composed of
keratinized remains of cells.
 Human or animal hair ?
◦ Colour changes along the hair shaft
called "banding" is seen in some
animals.
◦ Medullary Index of Hair: It is the ratio
of diameter of medulla and diameter of
the whole hair shaft. In humans it is
less than 0.3 and in animals more than
0.5.
 From what part of the body derived?
◦ Hair from the head is usually long and soft and taper gradually
from the root to the tip. The beard and moustache hair are usually
thicker than the hair of any other part of the body. Hair of the
eyebrows, eyelashes and nostrils is stiff, thick and taper to a point.
The hair on the chest, axillae and pubic region is short, stout and
curly. Hair from the axillae and pubic region also show split ends.
The hair on the other parts of the body is fine, short, and flexible
and does not show pigment cells in the cortex.
 Age
• Age can be determined sometimes from the hair, but only within wide
limits, as between that of an infant or an adult. Roots of hair from
children will dissolve rapidly in a solution of caustic potash, but in
older people roots will resist the treatment.
• The body hair of the human foetus and the
• Newly born child is fine, soft, non-pigmented (colour-less) and non-
medullated.
• At puberty axillary and pubic hair grows which is at first fine, soft
and curly and later becomes coarse, and pigmented.
• Adult hair have maximum pigmentation.
 Has the hair been altered by dyeing,
bleaching or disease?
◦ Bleached hair is brittle, dry, and straw-yellow. If the hair is coloured, the
colour will not be uniform, the roots are of different colour and the hair rough,
brittle and lusterless. The scalp will also be coloured. The colour of head hair
will be different from the colour of hair on other parts
◦ of the body. The length of extra-follicular part of an uncoloured zone is used to
determine the time of the colour last applied.
◦ Dyed hair shows characteristic fluorescence with ultraviolet light. With
polarized light microscope, the undyed part appears much brighter than the
rest.
 Is the hair identical with the hair of the victim or
the suspect?
• By careful comparison, one can say that the hair could have come
from a particular person. Debris, grease, etc., adherent to the hair is
very important.
• Because of diet and drug intake and atmospheric conditions, traces
of eighteen elements are deposited in our hair in proportions quite
different from other persons, which can be measured through
neutron activation analysis.
 What is the cause of the injury?
• If the hair has not been cut, the tip is pointed and non-medullated, but repeated
injury to the tip damages the cuticle, due to which the exposed and unprotected
cortex splits and frays.
• .A sharp weapon produces a clean uniform cut surface. Recently cut hair shows a
sharply cut edge with a projecting cuticle. After a week, the end becomes square,
smooth and later rounded but blunt.
• Hair may get singed due to burns or firearm injury. Singed hair is swollen, black,
fragile, twisted or curled and has a peculiar odor; carbon may be found deposited
on it. The tip is swollen like a bulb.
 Identification
◦ Hair cannot provide a permanent record for identification, because the
distribution and concentration of trace elements along the shaft of a hair varies
as the hair grows. The colour of the hair may alter with disease. It is lighter in
patients with malnutrition, ulcerative colitis, and Kwashiorkor; the normal
colour appears when health is restored.
◦ The hair of copper smelters may be greenish, indigo workers and cobalt miners
blue, aniline workers bluish and picric acid poisoning yellow. The colour of
hair alters sometimes after burial.
 Medicolegal importance
I. Hair is important in crime investigation, for it remains identifiable on the clothes, body and the alleged weapons in
crimes committed long before. It often provides the only connection between a weapon or even the accused and the
victim of an assault.
II.Nature of weapon can be made out from the injuries to the hair, and hair bulb.
III.Hair is useful in identification especially when there has been some known peculiarity of the hair, dyeing, bleaching
or artificial waving.
IV.Age of a person may be determined from the growth of hair on different parts of body.
V. Sex may be determined from their distribution on body, texture and from Barr bodies.
VI.Singeing of the hair indicates burns or a close range firearm injury.
VII.
It is helpful in differentiating scalds from burns.
VIII.
In chronic poisoning with heavy metals, e.g., arsenic, the poison can be detected in the hair.
IX.The time of death can sometimes be determined from the length of the hair on the face.
X.Motor vehicles responsible for injuries may be identified by the detection of hair on the vehicle.
XI.In rape and sodomy, the pubic hair of the accused may be found on the victim or vice versa.
Legal Medicine Group 1
IMD 21 Section B

Rahul Amar [Roll No 01]

Pragitya Ambastha [Roll No 02]
Anantharaj Balamurali [Roll No 03]
CHANDRAKANT BHUJANGRAO ANDHALE [Roll No 04]
Balagurusamy Kowshik Surya [Roll No 05]
Yashmitha Balasubramanian [Roll No 06]
Sharwari Barai [Roll No 07]