LANGUAGE PRODUCTION

Language production is the production of

spoken or written language. It describes all of
the stages between having a concept, and
translating that concept into linguistic form.
 STAGES OF LANGUAGE PRODUCTION:
1. Conceptualization
2. Formulation
3. Articulation
4. Self Monitoring
 CONCEPTUALIZATION:
According to David McNeil, conceptualized is
the very biginning of spoken utterance. There
are 2 concurrent and parallel modes of
thought:
1. Syntactic thinking
2. Imagistic thinking
• First dialogue
A : Where's my briefcase?
B : There's your briefcase!
Person B points the briefcase the same moment
he says There's
• Second Dialogue
A : Where's my coat and my briefcase?
B : There's your briefcase!
Person B points thebriefcase the same moment
he says briefcase.
 FORMULATION:

1. Grammatical encoding
2. Morphological encoding
3. Phonetic encoding
 Speech errors
• " Speech errors allow to us to peek in on the production
process because we know what the speaker intended to
say, but the unintentional mistake freezes the
production process momentarily and catches the
linguistic mechanism in one instance of production"
(Scovel,2009,p.32)

• In formulation speech, we are often influenced by the

sound system of language.
For example, big and fat— pig and fat;
fill the pool—fool the pill.
slips of the tongue or tongue-slips,
• The scientific study of speech errors,
commonly called slips of the tongue or
tongue-slips, can provide useful clues to the
processes of language production: they can
tell us where a speaker stops to think.
A spoonerism is an error in speech or deliberate
play on words in which corresponding
consonants, vowels or morphemes are
switched between two words in a phrase.

e.x: "The Lord is shoving leopard" instead of

"The Lord is a loving shepherd".
- we'll have the hags flung out we"ll have the
flags hang out.
- is the bean dizzy ? Is the Dean busy ?
 Examples of the eight types of errors
(1) Shift is one speech segment disappears from its appropriate place and
appears somewhere else.
: That's so she'll be ready incase she dicide to hits it. (decides to hit it).

(2) Exchanges are, in fact, double shifts, in which two linguistic units
exchange places.
: Fancy getting your model resnosed. (getting your nose remodeled).

(3) Anticipations occur when a later segment takes the place of an earlier
one. They are different from shifts in that the segment that intrudes on
another also remains in its correct place and thus is used twice.
: Bake my bike, (take my bike).

(4) Perseverations appear when a earlier segment replaces a later item.

: He pulled a pantrum. (tantrum).
(5) Additions add linguistic material.
I didn't explain this clarefully enough, (carefully enough).

(6) Deletions leave something out.

I'll just get up and mutter intelligibly, (unintelligibly)

(7) Substitutions occur when one segment is replaced by an intruder. These

are different from the previously described slips in that the source of the
intrusion may not be in the sentence.
At low speeds it's too light, (heavy)

(8) Blends apparently occur when more than one word is being considered
and the two intended items “fuse” or blend into a single item.
That child is looking to be spaddled. (spanked\paddled).
 ARTICULATION:
Articulation is the term used for all actions of
the organs of the vocal tract that effect
modifications of the signal generated by the
voice source.
Human vocal apparatus
Nasal Cavity

Oral Cavity

. Pharynx
—■ Epiglottis
Jaw
4- Larynx
opening into
pharynx

Larynx ^.Esophagus
According to Maddieson (1996), articulation
performance is classified by:
• The place of articulation
• The manner of articulation
• Nasality
• Degree of laterality
According to Laver (1994:131-152), there are
three general aspects of articulaion:
• Confirmational
• Topographical
• Transitional
 SELF-MONITORING:
• Production process sometime goes awry and
• speaker will verbally misstep, especially with
• irregular or more unusual form.
• Example:
(1) The last i knowed about it (i mean knew
about it), he had left Vancouver.
(2) She was so drank (i mean drunk), that we
decided to drive her home.
S.Pit Corder, a pioneer in the field of Second
Language Acquisition (SLA) classified these
slips of the tounge and the pen as mistakes.

> Mistake are production problems, they are

troubles you have with your linguistic printer,
not with the original software.
> Errors are comitted only by non-native
speakers (NNSs) according to Corder.
• There are three insights into the production
process:
1. It demonstrates that speakers are constantly
self-editing.
2. It suggests that speakers are intuitively
sensitive to what stage of production process
went awry, if indeed a mistake was made.
3. There is a distinction between performance
and competence.
(3) I think it costs just about...uh...twenty-five
dollars.
(4) They have to try to...uh...contact an
attorney.

Hostiations like those examplified in (3) and

(4) are not mistake-certainly not in the sense
that the term has been defined and illustrated
here.
 (5) I think it costs just...uh...about twenty-five
dollars.
(6) They have...i//?...to try to contact an
attorney.
♦♦'just about and "have to' function as linguistic
units, so it is improbable that the speaker would
hesitate in the middle of either one, after having
already chosen to fill the linguistic slot of the
utterance with those phrases.
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