Activity 3

1. What is Phonology?

Phonology, study of the sound patterns that occur within languages. Some linguists include phonetics,
the study of the production and description of speech sounds, within the study of phonology. Diachronic
(historical) phonology examines and constructs theories about the changes and modifications in speech
sounds and sound systems over a period of time. For example, it is concerned with the process by which
the English words “sea” and “see,” once pronounced with different vowel sounds (as indicated by the
spelling), have come to be pronounced alike today. Synchronic (descriptive) phonology investigates
sounds at a single stage in the development of a language, to discover the sound patterns that can
occur. For example, in English, nt and dm can appear within or at the end of words (“rent,” “admit”) but
not at the beginning. Phonetics is the study of human sounds and phonology is the classification of the
sounds within the system of a particular language or languages. Phonetics is divided into three types
according to the production (articulatory), transmission (acoustic) and perception (auditive) of sounds.

2. What is the importance of knowing and understanding The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech?

Anatomy and Physiology provide basic knowledge about the human body. It helps in clearing the
fundamental concepts as to how our bodies function. With the help of the classes of anatomy and
physiology, one gets to learn not only the theoretical concepts but practical functionalities of the human
body too. Speech requires movement of sound waves through the air. Speech itself is air that is moved
from the lungs through a series of anatomic structures that mold sound waves into intelligible speech.

3. What are the Two Main Classes of Speech Sounds? Discuss.

A vowel is a speech sound made with your mouth fairly open, the nucleus of a spoken syllable. A
consonant is a sound made with your mouth fairly closed. Most syllables contain a vowel, though vowel-
like consonants can occasionally be syllables.

From the viewpoint of articulatory phonetics, vowels are classified according to the position of the
tongue and lips and, sometimes, according to whether or not the air is released through the nose. A high
vowel (such as i in “machine” and u in “rule”) is pronounced with the tongue arched toward the roof of
the mouth.

Consonants are sounds that are produced with the articulators more or less close. That is, they are
produced with a close articulation, going from completely together to only approximating. wide apart,
consonants are said to be voiceless, when they are closely together and vibrating, consonants are said to
be voiced.

4. What are the Prosodic Features?

Prosodic features are features that appear when we put sounds together in connected speech. It is as
important to teach learners prosodic features as successful communication depends as much on
intonation, stress and rhythm as on the correct pronunciation of sounds.

Example

Intonation, stress and rhythm are prosodic features.

In the classroom

One way to focus learners on various aspects of prosody is to select a text suitable to be read aloud - for
example a famous speech - and ask learners to mark where they think pauses, main stress, linking, and
intonation changes occur. They can then practise reading this aloud.

5. Describe briefly. 1. Stress 2. Pitch 3. Length 4.Junctures

stress functions as the means of making a syllable prominent; stress may be studied in relation to
individual words (named "word stress" or lexical stress) or in relation to larger units of speech
(traditionally referred to as "sentence stress" but more appropriately named "prosodic stress"). Stressed
syllables are made prominent by several variables, by themselves or in combination.

Juncture refers to breaks or pauses in speech that indicate words or other grammatical units. Juncture is
phonemic. That is it changes the meaning, as in the following example: "I scream" and "ice cream."
Phonetic boundaries used to demarcate words or other grammatical units are known as junctures.
There are several phrases in English that are distinguishable in this way: "that stuff"/ "that’s tough"; "an
aim"/ "a name". In the first case, for example, the {s} of "stuff" is stronger, and the {t} of tough is
aspirated.

Pitch, in speech, the relative highness or lowness of a tone as perceived by the ear, which depends on
the number of vibrations per second produced by the vocal cords. Pitch is the main acoustic correlate of
tone and intonation

6. Differentiate Etics vs Emics.

7. For ethnographic research to be conducted as participant observation, why anthropologists
should have a working knowledge of the language spoken by the people they study?
8. For a linguistic anthropologist, why acquaintance with the message of linguistic analysis and
appreciation of structural differences among languages are essential?

Activity 4

1. Why PHONEMICS TRANSCRIPTION is the most economic and at the same time accurate way of
recording utterances ranging form short comments to ceremonial speeches?
2. Differentiate Morphemes and Allomorphs.
3. Give 10 example each of Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes.
4. How Morphological Processes take place?
5. Explain: According to Chomsky, one must assume that children are born with a knowledge of
what can be termed universal grammar, in other words, that universal grammar is part of our
human biological endowment.
6. Why is it important to understand language within overall matrix of culture, and speech as an
inseparable link to social behavior?

Activity 5
 1. What is Non-Verbal Communication?

2. What is Paralanguage?

3. What is Paralanguage and its three (3) categories?

4. What is the purpose of studying KENISICS?

5. Discuss the four (4) Distance Zones.

6. Explain: Although spoken language is undoubtedly the oldest and most efficient means of
human communication, there are many other ways in which people transmit or exchange
information.

Activity 6

1. What are the Channels of Communication? Give specific examples to each channel.

2. Describe the Communication Among Social Insects.

3. Describe the Communication Among Nonhuman Primates & Other Vertebrates

4. When Does a Communication System Become Language?

5. What are Charles F. Hockett (1960) and others proposed a set of “design features” of language-
properties that characterize human speech.

6. What are Charles F. Hockett (1960) and others proposed a set of “design features” of language-
properties that characterize human speech.

7. Discuss Continuity vs. Discontinuity

8. Discuss Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis

9. Discuss Monogenesis vs. Polygenesis

Activity 7

1. Speech Development Stages of Language Acquisition. Discuss the following stages.

 Reflexive (basic biological)
 Vocal Play
 Babbling
2. According to the Behaviorist Psychology Theory, the human environment (parents, older peers,
and others) provides language stimuli to which the child responds, largely by repetition of what
he or she is hearing. If the response is acceptable or commendable, the learner is rewarded (by
praise or some other way). How this applicable in YOUR OWN EXPERIENCE?
 3. Innatist Theory-In Chomsky's view, children are born with a capacity for language development
and infants are equipped with language acquisition device( LAD) . Discuss what it is all about
acquisition device.
4. Sociocultural Theory-In general, children develop their communicative skills for functioning in
different societies or subcultures and acquire language through socialization or social
interaction. Give specific scenario on this.
5. How language is being processed in the brain? State the significance of Neurolinguistics.
6. What does Bilingual and Multilingual Brain mean?
7. What is Aphasia, its causes and probable treatments?
8. Differentiate Code-Switching, Code-Mixing, and Diglossia. Give specific examples.

Activity 8

1. Differentiate and discuss: Word order strategy and inflections.

2. Differentiate and discuss: Agglutinative and polysenthetic.
3. What is Assimilation and its examples?
4. What is Dissimilation and its examples?
5. What is Metathesis and its examples?
6. What is Lexical Diffusion?
7. Why do language change? Give specific examples.
8. What is Cognate and its examples?
9. What is Cognate and its examples?
10. What is Cognate and its examples?

Activity 9

1. What is Idiolect and how it is being used? Provide examples.

2. What is Dialect? Give specific examples.
3. According to Martin Joos (1907-1978), there are five clearly distinguishable styles were
characteristic of his dialect of American English (spoken in the east-central United States):
1.frozen 2.formal 3.consultative 4.casual 5.intimate. Discuss each style.
4. How Pidgin developed?
5. Why Taglish (Tagalog-English) is considered a Creole?
6. Discuss what is a Lingua Franca and Loan Words. Give examples.
7. Explain the statement: "Even though many people speak only one language, they are actively or
at least passively acquainted with several dialects and speech styles of that language. Their own
speech patterns differ from those of others, even if only slightly. All speakers have their
individual idiolects."

Activity 10

1. Why "Speech Community" is needed to be understood? Give specific reasons.

 2. In your present situation at home/community, define what are the following Units of Speech
Behavior (Speech Situation; Speech Event; and Speech Act) and give specific and important
characteristics.
3. Aside from Subanon Drinking Talk, give another three (3) examples on how Ethnography of
Speaking can be applied.

Activity 11

1. How was “meaning” discovered or meant from the different perspectives in structural
linguistics?
2. Explain the Semantic Triangle.
3. Differentiate Sense vs. Reference. Give examples.
4. Differentiate Connotation vs. Denotation. Give examples.
5. For one thing, anthropologists rediscovered that culture was not only encoded in language, it
was encoded very much like language. This entailed three points (Stanlaw 2004b): (1) Culture
appeared to be rule-bound, as consistent and replicable behaviors were easily found. (2) The
natives knew these rules well, as children acquired them very early and most adults made few
mistakes. (3) As much as these rules were internalized, the natives were always hard-pressed to
explain them adequately. Explain each point.
6. Discuss the SOUND SYMBOLISM AND SYNESTHESIS.

Activity 12

1. Discuss the nature of the relationship between language, thought, and culture.

2. According to The Stimulus of (Edward) Sapir’s Writing, how language and our thought grooves
are inextricably interwoven, and in sense one and the same?

3. What are Lexical differences in Kinship Terminologies?

4. How Japanese native speakers used Lexical differences in Kinship Terminologies factors affect
the politeness?

5. Make your own discussion on the Aspects of Formal Color Nomenclature Theory.

6. Summarize the salient points of Noam Chomsky and his Universalism.

Activity 13

1. How can Speech Differences be characterized different economic or social status? Give specific
examples.

2. How gender preferences affect language? *

3. Explain and give specific examples: Restricted Code vs Elaborate Code.

4. How being a Man or Woman affect the language use, choice of words and delivery?

5. Discuss how Gender and Speech is characterized in the Philippines.

6. Make a graphical presentation of the ff.: subculture theory, social power theory, and
communicative strategy. Discuss their salient points.
 7. How Race and Ethnicity affect language?

Activity 14

1. What is language planning? Why is it important in the study of linguistics?

2. What is Language Death why it happened?

3. How is important Intercultural communication?

4. Discuss and explain the ETHICAL QUESTIONS AND STANDARDS OF CONDUCT.