Name : Kelvin Wildasyah

NPM : 1106190008
Class : English Language Education 2019

1. a. Linguistics is scientific study of human language. Linguists apply the scientific method to conduct
formal studies of speech sounds, grammatical structures, and meaning across the worlds 6,000+ languages.
An example of linguistics is The study of the English language.

b. Language is a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols by means of which
human beings, as member of a social group and participants in its culture, express themselves. Language
can also express ideas through sounds combined into words. Words are combined into sentences, this
combination answer ideas into thoughts. An example of language is words spoken or people using their
hands to express themselves.

c. Arbitrary is the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word's meaning and its sound
or form. An antithesis to sound symbolism, which does exhibit an apparent connection between sound and
sense, arbitrariness is one of the characteristics shared between all languages. An example of arbitrary is
Fish in English and Ikan in Bahasa Indonesia.

2. Yes, language is instinctive. By calling language an instinct, means that it is not a human invention in the
sense that metalworking and even writing are. While only some human cultures possess these technologies,
all cultures possess language. These signs suggest that rather than being a human invention, language is an
innate human ability. All humans share a "language of thought" and that studying the way this works can
reveal how we strive to make sense of the world around us.

Example is the words that we use, the verbs and nouns, metaphors and grammatical structures, can tell us a
great deal about the societies we live in, as well as our own minds and the way they work.

3. Language as a system of system is a patterned orderly arrangement that forms a meaningful or functional
whole. It consists of elements or components which are ordered according to a certain pattern, and form a
unity. As a system, language at the same time is systematic and systemic. Systematic, meaning that
language is arranged according to a pattern that is not arranged randomly or carelessly. While systemically
means that the language is not a single system, but also consists of sub-systems or sub-systems, such as the
phonological sub-system, morphological sub-system, syntactic sub-system, and semantic sub-system.
Then each element in these subsystems is also arranged according to certain rules or patterns, which as a
whole form one system. If it is not arranged according to certain rules or patterns, then the subsystem
cannot function. In addition to being systematic, language is also systemic, meaning that it is not a single
system but consists of several subsystems, namely the subsystem of phonology, morphology, syntax, and
lexicon.
● Example:
What do people do when they're together? When they play, compete, confess love, or race car racing?
They talk to each other. We live in a world of words. We talk to friends, societies, partners, or to teachers.
 We talk by face to face or on the phone. Most people respond by speaking. As a result, every problem in
our life can never be separated from using words.

4. Conventional are all things that are in nature following the habits that are commonly used or based on the
agreement of many people. For example, custom, custom, or custom in a plac e. Etymologically, the word
conventional comes from the word convention, which means an agreement or consensus made by a
number of people, be it in organizations, regions, or countries. So that the conventional term is things that
are done based on general agreement. Conventional can be interpreted as a view or the assumption that
words as markers do not have an intrinsic or internal relationship with the object, but are based on habit,
agreement or society's consent preceded by arbitrary formation.
Example:
a. Conventional in society
b. Conventional in education
c. Conventional in the business world
d. Conventional in biotechnology

5. Human has distinctive sounds, called phonemes, are arbitrary and have no meaning. But humans can string
these sounds in an infinite number of ways to create meaning via words and sentences. While animals do
not communicate by arranging arbitrary sounds, which limits the number of messages they can create.

An example of human language is when a person is hungry he will say "I want to eat something because
my stomach is hungry." While the example of animal language is Your cat may tell you when it is hungry
by moaning and seeking attention at you, ants use pheromones and sounds to indicate social status and
distress, bees dance to tell each other where to find honey, and chimpanzees can learn sign language.

6. Prescriptive refers to a set of norms governing how sentences should or should not be formjed rather than
describing how language is really used and Descriptive focuses on describing the language as it is actually
used, not as it should be used. It is based on the language used by its speakers.

The example of prespcriptive is when a doctor gives you a prescription for medication, it often includes
directions about how you should take your medication as well as what you should not do when taking your
medication. In a similar way, a prescriptive tells you how you should speak, and what type of language to
avoid.

The example of descriptive is think about a prescriptive rule like Don’t split infinitives. A descriptive
would see a sentence like “To boldly go where no man has gone before” and would try to describe how the
mental can cause that ordering of words.

7. Synchronic Linguistics
Synchronic linguistics studies the languages of the contemporaries. Synchronic linguistics is the study of
language at a certain time, for example studying Indonesian during the reformation period. Synchronic
means everything related to events that occur in a limited time. In synchronic linguistics, every language
is analyzed without regard to developments that have occurred in the past.
Example:
● Study of the Sundanese language during the Hindu Buddhist kingdom.
● Assessing the use of the Malay language during the colonial period.
● Investigating Indonesian after the youth oath.
● Assessing pre-independence Indonesian.
● Investigating the Javanese language during the Dutch colonial period.

Diachronic Linguistics
Diachronic linguistics is a sub-discipline of linguistics that investigates the development of a language over
time. Diachronic linguistics studies the history or evolution of language (historical) over time (time).
Example:
● The development of the Malay language at the beginning until now.
● The development of the Sanskrit language from its inception to its extinction.
● The development of the Indonesian language, from its inception until now.