10/05/2021 SzP

https://news.mongabay.com/2016/
05/five-pacific-islands-already-
disappeared-due-sea-level-rise/

10/05/2021 SzP 2
10/05/2021 SzP 3
 Learning Objectives

• The climate change issues in Bangladesh

and across the globe
• How it is affecting the future generation in
terms of combating various kinds of
emerging and re-emerging diseases.
• How to prevent in any water borne and
food borne disease outbreak situation.

10/05/2021 SzP 5
14. Climate Change & Environmental
Health and Public Health
 What is Climate Change?
 “Any significant change in measures of climate, such
as temperature, precipitation, wind, and other
weather patterns, lasting for decades or longer.”
 Overwhelming consensus of scientific studies is that
climate change is Human caused and due to
increases in Greenhouse Gases from burning fossil
fuel.
 Climate change is occurring now, in Bangladesh and
around the globe.
 Climate Change Indicators

*Permafrost: a thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring
chiefly in polar regions.
10/05/2021 SzP 9
 What is Global Warming?
Global warming is the increase of earth’s average surface
temperature and its oceans due to greenhouse
gases released as people burn fossil fuels. These greenhouse
gases such as Carbon Dioxide and Methane absorb heat that
would otherwise bounced off the Earth’s surface.
Global warming has emerged has one of the most
biggest environmental issue in the last two decades.
As per NASA,, “the global average surface temperature rose 0.6
to 0.9 degrees Celsius (1.1 to 1.6° F) between 1906 and
2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled
in the last 50 years.

10/05/2021 SzP 10
 What is Green House Effect?
The greenhouse effect is a natural process
that warms the Earth's surface. When the Sun's
energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of
it is reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases
(carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane,
etc.) ... The absorbed energy warms the
atmosphere and the surface of the Earth…

10/05/2021 SzP 11
 Climate Risks in Bangladesh
Stronger, longer heat waves
More frequent/heavy precipitation
events
More frequent/severe droughts
More frequent severe weather events
Sea level rise/coastal flooding
Impact in Health
 Public Health Consequences
 Increase in heat-related
morbidity/mortality
 Increase in vector, water
and food-borne disease
 Loss of water supply and
water quality
 Outcomes associated
with loss of electricity
 Increase in adverse
health outcomes
associated with air
pollution (e.g., asthma)
10/05/2021 SzP
 Increase in health
conditions associated
with allergens
 Effects on the food
supply
 Evacuation of health
care facilities
 Disrupted access to
emergency/routine
medical care
 Mental/emotional
health consequences
14
10/05/2021 SzP 15
https://simplecapacity.com/2016/0
8/think-climate-crisis-hoax-20-
photos-will-leave-speechless/

10/05/2021 SzP 16
 Mitigation & Adaptation
• Mitigation: actions/policies to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions
– “40 to 30” and “80 to 50”
• Adaptation: actions/policies to prepare for
climate change, to reduce its impacts and to
take advantage of new opportunities.
– occurs at individual, community, organizational,
institutional levels
– calls for incorporating climate change
information into planning & decision making

10/05/2021 SzP 17
 Climate Change and Bangladesh
 The flat topography makes a
significant part of Bangladesh
vulnerable to sea level change. The
active delta and dynamic
morphology complicates the reliable
estimation of vulnerability of tidal
floodplains to sea level rise.
 The net sea level rise would result in
 Inundation of coastal land
 Reduced drainage and hence
prolonged flooding due to high
backwater.
 Higher precipitation within GBM
basin would result in greater
flood magnitude and frequency.

10/05/2021 SzP 18
Emission of CO2 ->who is responsible?
Per capita
emissions of CO2 is
less than 0.2 ton
annually in
Bangladesh,
compared to 1.6
tons in the
developed
countries
 Impact…..
• Human Health Impacts
• Ecosystem Impacts
• Water Resources Impacts
• Future Environmental
Impacts

10/05/2021 SzP 22
10/05/2021 SzP 23
10/05/2021 SzP 24
10/05/2021 SzP 25
 Environmental Health

10/05/2021 SzP 26
 Learning Objectives

• Emerging environmental health

issues in Bangladesh and globally.
• How environment impact on
human health and
• What are the preventive measures
we can take to make safe
environment to all.
10/05/2021 SzP 27
 Environment
• Old French word, En=In; Viron = Circle.
• The circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is
surrounded.
Or
• Environment is the total of the natural conditions
under which animals live, including climatic,
geographic, physiographic and faunal conditions; all that
which is external to the individual human host.
 Public Health Definition of Environment
• All that is external
to the individual
host. It can be
divided into
physical,
biological, social,
and cultural
factors, any or all of
which can influence
health status in
populations.
10/05/2021 SzP 29
 Contributor to the Environment
• Physical:
– Air, water, soil, housing, climate,
geography, heat, light, noise,
debris etc.
– Air pollutants, toxic wastes,
pesticides etc.
• Biological:
– Virus, bacteria and other
microbes, insects, rodents,
animals and plants
– Disease producing agents,
reservoir of infection,
intermediate host
10/05/2021 SzP 30
 Contributor to the Environment
• Social/Psychosocial/Socioeconomic:
– Culture, values/ morals, customs, habits,,
religions, education, lifestyle, community life,
health services, social and political
organizations.

10/05/2021 SzP 31
 Popular Customs and environment
• Increased demands for natural
resources:
-Animal extinction-furs, skin
-Meat consumption-Inefficient use of
calories
• Pollution
-Waste-Discarding products, Packaging
-Emissions

10/05/2021 SzP 32
 Healthy Environment
 Clean air
 Safe and sufficient water
 Safe and adequate food
 Safe and peaceful settlements
 Stable global environment

10/05/2021 SzP 33
 Scope of healthy Environment
 Water supplies
 Waste water treatment
 Waste management
 Vector control
 Prevention and control
of land pollution
 Food hygiene and safety
 Air quality management
 Environmental
radiation hazards
 Occupational health and
safety
 Water and Health

 Uses of Water  Water Borne Diseases

• Domestic uses; Public • Viral: Viral Hepatitis A, Hepatitis
purpose; Industrial E, Poliomyelitis, Rotavirus
purpose; Agricultural diarrhoea etc.
purpose; Hydropower • Bacterial: Typhoid &
production. Paratyphoid fever, Bacillary
 Source of Water dysentery, Cholera, Esch. Coli
• Rainwater, Surface water; Diarrhoea etc.
Ground water. • Protozoal: amoebiasis,
 Water Pollution giardiasis.
• Sewage, industrial and • Helminthic: round worm,
trade pollutants, thread worm, hydiatid disease.
agricultural pollutants, • Snail: schistosomiasis.
physical pollutants and • Cyclops: guinea worm, fish tape
radioactive
10/05/2021 substances. worm.
SzP 35
 Air & Air Pollution
Automobiles: Co2, Co, Pb, No2, Black Smoke.
Industries: So2, No2, Fly Ash, smoke,
Hydrogen fluoride, HCl, Hydrogen sulphide,
Ozone etc.
Domestic Source: smoke, dust, So2, No2
Miscellaneous: burning refuse, incinerator,
pesticide, spraying, Natural source (fungi,
bolds, bacteria etc.)
 Co: Carboxyhaemoglobin
 So2: Acid rain
 Pb: Lead poisoning, decrease IQ level in
young children
 Co2: global warming and climate change
 Hydrocarbon: Eye damage
 Cadmium: Cancer
 So2/H2S: unpleasant odour, conjunctival
irritation, mental and neurological damage.
 Ozone: ozone layer depletion
 Polynuclear Aerometric Hydrocarbon(pah):
Lung cancer
 Particulate matters: COPD, respiratory
problems.
10/05/2021
Health Aspect
 Acute effect: ARI, Acute
pneumonia, Acute bronchitis,
immediate death by suffocation
 Chronic effect: COPD, Lung cancer,
Emphysema, Respiratory allergy etc.
Social and Economic aspect
 Destruction of animal and plant life
 Corrosion of metals
 Damages to buildings
 Cost increase in cleaning and
maintenance
 Aesthetic nuisance
 Reduction of visibility of town
 Damage of soil,
 Damage of clothing
SzP 36
 Prevention and control of air pollution
WHO recommended procedure
1. Containment: Prevention of escape of toxic substance
in atmosphere by enclosure, ventilation and air
cleaning
2. Replacement: replacement of coal, firewood, lead
petrol by new technology e.g. electricity, natural gases,
central heating, solar power etc.
3. Dilution: self cleaning capacity of environment. E.g.
establishment of greenbelt.
4. Legislation: Formulation, implementation and
monitoring of environmental act and regulation
5. International Action: WHO established an
international network of laboratories for the
monitoring and study of air pollution.
 Medical Entomology
• A study of the arthropods of
medical importance is
known as medical
entomology.
• Some arthropods are beneficial
as they help in fertilization
of flowers and crops and
some are harmful to human
being as they are vector and
reservoir of disease and
also destroy crops and foods.

10/05/2021 SzP 38
 Arthropods Borne Diseases

• Arthropods • Disease transmitted

 Mosquito  Malaria, Filaria, JE, Dengue Fever,
West Nile Fever, Yellow Fever etc
 Housefly  Typhoid And Paratyphoid Fever,
Diarrhoea, Dysentery, Cholera,
Gastroenteritis, Amoebiasis,
Helminthes, Poliomyelitis,
Trachoma, Conjunctivitis, Anthrax
etc.
 Sandfly  Kala- Azar, Oriental Sore, Sandfly
Fever, Oraya Fever etc.

10/05/2021 SzP 39
 Arthropods borne diseases

• Arthropods • Disease transmitted

• Tsetse fly • Sleeping sickness
• Louse • Epidemic typhus, relapsing fever,
trench fever, pediculosis etc.
• Bubonic plague, epidemic
 Rat flea
typhus, chiggerosis,
hymenolepsis diminuta etc.
• Black fly • Onchocerciasis
• Reduviid bug • Chagas disease

 Itch-mite • Scabies

10/05/2021 SzP 40
 Principles of Arthropods control

1. Environmental control: 3. Genetic control:

Elevation of breeding places,  Sterile/killing male
filling and drainage operation,
carefully planned water  Chromosomal
management; provision of translocations
piped water supply; proper  Cytoplasmic
disposal of waste; proper incompatibility
house keeping etc.
4. Integrated/Newer
2. Biological control: It
approach:
can be defined as the use of
natural enemies to reduce the  Insect growth regulates
damage caused by a insect  Sex attractions or
pest population. Example: use Pheromones
of Lurvi vorous fish, frogs  Chemosterilants
10/05/2021 SzP 42
10/05/2021 SzP 43
10/05/2021 SzP 44
 Human
Excreta/Waste
Disposal
  Improper Disposal Of
Human Excreta and Sewage
- it has been responsible for
Many Epidemics….
 Public Health Importance
• Human excreta is a important cause of
environmental pollution and source of
infection.
• Safe disposal of excreta is the responsibility of
everyone.
• The hazards of improper disposal of excreta
are:
– Soil pollution
– Water pollution
– Food contamination
– Propagation of flies
10/05/2021 SzP 47
 Public Health Importance
• The disease caused by improper disposal of human excreta disposal
are:
– Typhoid and Paratyphoid fever,
– Dysentery,
– Diarrhoea,
– Cholera,
– Round worm,
– Hook worm,
– Viral hepatitis and
– Other Intestinal infection.

10/05/2021 SzP 48
10/05/2021 SzP 49
Thank You
