4 Control Structures Part I

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter
Chapter 4
Control Structures: Part I

Structured Programming
“ There is No goto in Java ”
• Structured programming: the building blocks
• There are 3 different kinds of operations in a program:
perform a sequence of actions,
perform a selection between alternative actions, or
perform a repetition or iteration of the same action.
Sequence, Selection, Iteration

• Sequence: one thing after another
task1
task2
task3

• Selection: making choices
YES
? taskA
Structured NO
programming,
only one entrance, taskB
only one exit.

• Repetition, Part I: doing the same thing again until
there’s a reason to stop.
TRUE
expression taskA
?
FALSE
Do while: maybe won’t ever do taskA even once.

“A while loop repeats as long as a condition is true.”
• Repetition, Part II: doing the same thing again until
there’s a reason to stop.
taskA
TRUE
?
FALSE
Do until: will always do taskA at least once.
“A Do Until loop repeats as long as a condition is false.”
Procedural Structured Programming

• Begin at the top, move to the bottom.
• Each program unit has only one entrance and
only one exit.

Selection in Java
Object Oriented Programming
• Within a method, procedural code.
• Simple ‘if’ with or without brackets.
if( expression )
statement;
if( expression )
{
statement;
}

Selection in Java
• Simple ‘if’ with or without brackets.
if( expression )
statement;
if( expression )
{
statement; • Within brackets,
} a “block.”

Selection in Java
• Simple ‘if’ / ‘else’ without brackets.
if( expression )
statement;
else
statement;
• Without brackets, limit of only one statement per branch.

Selection in Java w

• Simple ‘if’ / ‘else’ with brackets.
if( expression )
{
statement;
statement;
}
else
{
statement;
statement;
}
Selection in Java
• Compound ‘if’ / ‘else if’ / ‘else if’ / ‘else’.
if( expression )
{
statement;
}
else if( expression )
{
statement;
}
else
{
statement;
}
Selection in Java
• Special “Ternary” ? : Operator—shorthand ‘if’ / ‘else’
System.out.print(expression ? “True” : “False”)
1.) expression must

evaluate to True or False.
Do this if
2.) If expression is True,
expression
execute the command before
is False
the colon.
Do this
3.) If expression is False, if expression
execute the command after the is True
colon.
Repetition: while Part I
while—“the Do While”
• The Test is First
while( expression )
statement;

Repetition: while Partw I
while—“the Do While”
• The Test is First
The while { “Do While” } is used when you can’t predict

exactly how
while( many times your
expression ) loop will be executed.
{
statement;
The while may not be executed even once.
It statement;
executes the loop while the expression is still true.
}
// DoUntil.java
// Even though "c" begins the loop false,
// it still executes at least once.
public class DoUntil

{
public static void main( String args[] )
{
boolean c = false;
do
{
System.out.println( ”Execute DoUntil at least once " );
}
while( c );
System.exit( 0 );
}
}

Repetition: while Part II w
while—“the Do Until”
• The Test is Last
do
{
This do/while {“Do Until”} is also used when you can’t
statement;
predict exactly how many times your loop will be executed.
statement;
} It executes at least once.
It while(
executes Until );becomes false.
the expression
expression

// WhileTest.java
// Since "c" is already false when it reaches the
// test, the loop never executes.
public class DoWhile

{
{
boolean c = false
while( c )
{
System.out.println( ”Execute DoWhile while c is true" );
}
System.exit( 0 );
}
}

// SelectionTest.java
import javax.swing.*;
• Test Ternary Operator
public class SelectionTest
{
{
int b, s;
String big, small, out;
big = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Big Number" );

small = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Small Number" );
b = Integer.parseInt( big );
s = Integer.parseInt( small );
out = ( b < s ? "Big was larger" : "Small was larger" );
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, out, "Results",

JOptionPane.INFORMATION_MESSAGE);
System.exit( 0 );
}
}

// DoWhileTest.java
• Test DoWhile
public class DoWhileTest
{
{
int b = 2, s = 1;
String big, small, out = “Big is still Bigger”;
while( b < s )
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null,
out,
"Results",

}
System.exit( 0 );
}
} Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter
// DoUntilTest.java
• Test DoUntil
public class DoUntilTest
{
{
int b = 2, s = 1; // preload variables.
String big, small, out = “Big is still Bigger”;
do
{
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null,
out,
"Results",

}
while( b < s );
System.exit( 0 );
Repetition: while Loops
• The majority of applications use the plain while loop.
• Choose either while loop when you can’t know in

advance how many times the loop will be executed.
• The loop is repeated until it encounters a sentinel value,

that announces that the loop has finished.

Assignment Operators
• We are already familiar with this statement:
int x;
x = 15;
• This means the value 15 is placed into the variable x.
• We say, “15 is assigned to x.”
• In Java, a single equals sign is the assignment operator.

• Another common bit of code is this:

int x; Declares x as an int.
x = 15;
After this assignment,
x contains 15.
x = x + 5;
First the addition on the
x contains
right 20. the
is done. Then,
result is assigned to the the
variable on the left.
• Java offers a shortcut to the statement below:
+=
int x = 15;
x = x + 5;
x contains 20.
x += 5;

x contains 20.

-=
int x = 15;
x = x - 5;
x contains 10.
x -= 5;

x contains 10.

*=
int x = 15;
x = x * 5;
x contains 75.
x *= 5;

x contains 75.

/=
int x = 15;
x = x / 5;
x contains 3.
x /= 5;

x contains 3.

%=
int x = 15;
x = x % 5;
x contains 0.
x %= 5;

x contains 0.

Increment/Decrement Operators
• There is one addition statement in Java that is so
common, it gets its own operator.
• It means, simply, “Add one to the variable.”
x++ x--


int x = 2;
x = x + 1;
x contains 3.
x++;

x contains 3.
x++

int x = 2;
x = x - 1;
x contains 1.
x--;
x contains 1.
x--
• You can do a pre-increment, or a post-increment.

Pre Post
++x; x++;
--x; x--;
• If each of these statements is on a line by itself, there is

no difference in the effect of doing a pre- or post-
increment.

• If each of these statements is on a line by itself, there is

no difference in the effect of doing a pre- or post-
increment.
• However, if the variable—which is having the pre- or

post-increment applied to it—is used within another
statement, your choice of pre- or post-increment can alter
your results.

// PrePostIncrement.java
w
public class PrePostIncrement
Baseline, x = 0
{
{ Pre-increment = ++x = 1
int x=0;
After increment, x = 1
System.out.println( " Baseline, x = " + x );
2nd Baseline, x = 0
System.out.println( "\n Pre-increment = ++x = " + ++x );
Post-increment = x++ = 0
System.out.println( "\n After increment, x = " + x );
After increment, x = 1
x = 0;
System.out.println( "\n 2nd Baseline, x = " + x );
System.out.println( "\n Post-increment = x++ = " + x++ );
System.out.println( "\n After increment, x = " + x );
System.exit( 0 );
} Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

4 Control Structures Part I

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Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Sequence, Selection, Iteration

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Do while: maybe won’t ever do taskA even once.

Procedural Structured Programming

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

• Simple ‘if’ with or without brackets.

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

• Without brackets, limit of only one statement per branch.

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Object Oriented Programming

1.) expression must

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

The while { “Do While” } is used when you can’t predict

public class DoUntil

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

public class DoWhile

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

big = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Big Number" );

out = ( b < s ? "Big was larger" : "Small was larger" );

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, out, "Results",

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

big = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Big Number" );

big = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( "Big Number" );

• The majority of applications use the plain while loop.

• Choose either while loop when you can’t know in

• The loop is repeated until it encounters a sentinel value,

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

• Another common bit of code is this:

After this assignment,

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

After this assignment,

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

After this assignment,

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

After this assignment,

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

After this assignment,

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

• Java offers a shortcut to the statement below:

After this assignment,

• Java offers a shortcut to the statement below:

• You can do a pre-increment, or a post-increment.

• If each of these statements is on a line by itself, there is

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

• If each of these statements is on a line by itself, there is

• However, if the variable—which is having the pre- or

Java I--Copyright © 2000-2007 Tom Hunter

System.out.println( "\n Post-increment = x++ = " + x++ );

System.out.println( "\n After increment, x = " + x );

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