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Lecture 14
1
Design of Short Axially
Loaded Columns
2
Columns
According to ACI Code, a structural element with a ratio of height-to least lateral
dimension exceeding three used primarily to support compressive loads is defined as
column.
Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame intended to support the
load-carrying beams. They transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then
to the soil through the foundations.
Loads
Beam Beam
P Column
h Slab
h l
b Slab
Footing
Beam Beam
Soil
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Columns
Usually columns carry bending moment as well, about one or both axes of the cross
section, and the bending action may produce tensile forces over a part of the cross
section
1- Short Columns, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials
and the geometry of the cross section
2- Slender columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflections.
3- Position of the load on the cross-section
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Column Load: Tributary area method
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Column Load: Beam reaction method
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Load Summation on Column Section for Design
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Analysis and Design of Short Columns
Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
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Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns
Axial loading tests have proven that tied and spirally reinforced columns
having the same cross-sectional areas of concrete and steel reinforcement
behave in the same manner up to the ultimate load.
At that load tied columns fail suddenly due to excessive cracking in the
concrete section followed by buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement
between ties within the failure region. For spirally reinforced columns, once
the ultimate load is reached, the concrete shell covering the spiral starts to peel
off. Only then, the spiral comes to action by providing a confining force to the
concrete core, thus enabling the column to sustain large deformations before
final collapse occurs.
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Behavior of Tied and Spirally-Reinforced Columns
Deformation
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Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
P0 0.85f c * A g A st f y A st
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Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
Pn rP0
r = Reduction factor to account for accidental eccentricity
r = 0.80 ( tied )
ACI 10.3.6.3
r = 0.85 ( spiral )
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Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
Pn Pu
Pn r Ag 0.85 f c Ast f y 0.85 f c Pu
concrete steel
Pn Pu
Pn r Ag 0.85 f c Ast f y 0.85 f c Pu
concrete steel
or
Pn r Ag 0.85 f c g f y 0.85 f c Pu
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Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
Pn Pu
Pu
Ag
r 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c
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Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
Asp Dc
from : s
1 4 Dc s
2
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Nominal Capacity and Design under Concentric Axial loads
Reinforcement Requirements (Spiral)
A f
c
s 0.45 * 1 *
g
A f
c y
A sp cross-sectional area of spiral reinforcement
D c2
A c core area
4
D c core diameter: outside edge to outside edge of spiral
s spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y yield strength of spiral steel 420Mpa
4A sp
a
Ag fc '
18 0.45Dc 1
Ac f y
Design Considerations
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Design Considerations
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Design Considerations
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Design Considerations
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Design Considerations
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Design Considerations
Examples of
lateral ties
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Design Considerations
size 10 mm diameter
ACI 7.10.4.3
2.5cm clear spacing
between spirals 7.5cm
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Design Considerations
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Design Considerations
Concrete Protection Cover
ACI Code specifies that for reinforced columns, the clear concrete cover is not to be
taken less than 4 cm for columns not exposed to weather or in contact with ground. It is
essential for protecting the reinforcement from corrosion or fire hazards.
Minimum Cross Sectional Dimensions
The ACI Code does not specify minimum cross sectional dimensions for columns.
Column cross sections 20 × 25 cm are considered as the smallest practicable sections.
For practical considerations, column dimensions are taken as multiples of 5 cm.
Lateral Reinforcement
Ties are effective in restraining the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the
surface of the column, holding the reinforcement cage together during the construction
process, confining the concrete core and when columns are subjected to horizontal
forces, they serve as shear reinforcement.
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Design Considerations
Factored Loads
For gravity loads only,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.6 PL
For dead, live and wind loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.6 PW
For dead and wind loads,
Pu = 0.9 PD + 1.3 PW or Pu = 1.2 PD + 0.8 PW
For dead, live and earthquake loads,
Pu = 1.2 PD+1.0 PL+1.0 PE
For dead and earthquake loads,
Pu = 0.9 PD + 1.0 PE
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Design Procedure for Short Axially Loaded Columns
1. Evaluate the factored axial load Pu acting on the column.
5. Readjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area in the
respective equation. This ratio has to fall within the specified code limits.
6. Calculate the needed area of longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the adjusted
reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimensions.
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Design Procedure for Short Axially Loaded Columns
7. From reinforcement tables, choose the number and diameters of needed
reinforcing bars. For rectangular sections, a minimum of four bars is
needed, while a minimum of six bars is used for circular columns.
10. Draw the designed section showing concrete dimensions and with required
longitudinal and lateral reinforcement.
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Example 1
The cross section of a short axially loaded tied column is shown in
Figure. It is reinforced with 6 16mm bars. Calculate the design load
Ties Φ8@25cm
capacity of the cross section.
Use fc′=280 kg/cm2 and fy = 4200 kg/cm2. 25 6Φ16
:Solution
A s 6 2.01
ρg 0.012 1.21% 40
A g 25 40 Figure [1]
Φ Pn 0.52Ag 0.85fc 'ρ g f y 0.85fc '
Φ Pn 0.52 40 25 0.85 280 0.0121 4200 0.85 280
Φ Pn 148,688 kg 148.7 tons.
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Example 2
Design a short tied column to support a factored concentric
load of 1000 kN, with one side of the cross section equals to 25
cm.
f c 30Mpa f y 420Mpa g 1%
Solution
Pu
Ag
0.65 0.8 0.85f c g f y 0.85f c
1000 103
Ag
0.65 0.8 0.85 30 0.01 420 0.85 30
A g 65311mm 2
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A g 65311mm 2
b 250mm
h 261mm
use column 25cm 40cm
A s 0.01(25 40) 10cm 2
use 814
Check spacing
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Example 3
Design a short, spirally reinforced column to support a service
dead load of 800 kN and a service live load of 400 kN.
f c 30Mpa f y 420Mpa g 1%
Solution
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A g 85237 mm 2
Solution
A g 85237 mm 2
Ag
for circular column d= =329mm
4
use column with d = 35cm
A s 0.01 (35 35) 9.62cm 2
4
use 714
D c 35 4 4 27 cm
4 αs 4 0.5
S
A g f c ' π/4 35 2 280
0.45Dc 1 0.45 27 1
π/4 27
2
A c f y 4200
S 3.63 cm, taken as 3.50 cm (center to center)
Sc 3.5 0.8 2.7 cm, i.e within ACI code limit ( 2.5cm & 7.5cm)
Use Φ 8mm spiral with a pitch of 3.5cm center to center.
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