Mos 3

Chapter Objectives
 To develop the transformation of stress components from

one orientation of the coordinate system to another
orientation.
 To determine the principal stress and maximum in-plane
shear stress at a point.
 To develop the transformation of plane strain components
from one orientation of the coordinate system to another
orientation.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Objectives (cont)
 To determine the principal strain and maximum in-

plane shear strain at a point.
 To develop Mohr’s circle for analyzing stress and
strain components.
 To discuss strain rosettes for strain components.
 To present the relationships between material
properties, such as the elastic modulus, shear
modulus, and Poisson’s ratio.

In-class Activities
1. Reading Quiz 7. Equations of plane-strain
2. Applications transformation
3. General equations of plane- 8. Principal and maximum
stress transformation in-plane shear strain
4. Principal stresses and 9. Mohr’s circle for plane
maximum in-plane shear strain
stress 10. Measurement of strains
5. Mohr’s circle for plane stress 11. Stress-strain relationship
6. Absolute maximum shear 12. Concept Quiz
stress

READING QUIZ
1) Which of one the following statements is incorrect?
a) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum

normal stress at the point
b) When the state of stress is represented by the principal

stresses, no shear stress will act on the element
c) When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum

in-plane shear stress, no normal stress will act on the element
d) For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear

stress usually associated with the average normal stress.

READING QUIZ
2) Which one of the following statements is

incorrect for plane-strain?
a) σz = γyz = γxz = 0 while the plane-strain has 3 components σx, σy

and γxy.
b) Always identical to the state of plane stress
c) Identical to the state of plane stress only when the Poisson’s

ratio is zero.
d) When the state of strain is represented by the principal strains,

no shear strain will act on the element.

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS (cont)

APPLICATIONS (cont)

APPLICATIONS (cont)

GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRESS
TRANSFORMATION
• The state of plane stress at a point is uniquely represented by three
components acting on an element that has a specific orientation at
the point.
• Sign Convention:
– Positive normal stress acts outward
from all faces
– Positive shear stress acts upwards
on the right-hand face of the element

TRANSFORMATION (cont)

• Sign Convention (continued)
– Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule
– The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the
angle θ. The angle θ is measured from the positive x to the positive x’-
axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.


• Normal and shear stress components:
– Consider the free-body diagram of the segment

+ΣFx’ = 0; σx’ ∆A – (τxy ∆A sin θ) cos θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) sin θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) sin θ – (σx ∆A cos θ) cos θ = 0
σx’ = σx cos2 θ + σy sin2 θ + τxy (2 sin θ cos θ)
+ΣFy’ = 0; τx’y’ ∆A + (τxy ∆A sin θ) sin θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) cos θ

– ( τxy ∆A cos θ) cos θ + (σx ∆A cos θ) sin θ = 0
τx’y’ = (σy – σx) sin θ cos θ + τxy (cos2 θ – sin2 θ)
σx + σy σx – σy
σx’ = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ
2 2
σx + σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2
σx + σy σx – σy
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2

VARIABLE SOLUTIONS
Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions

EXAMPLE 1
The state of plane stress at a point on the surface of the
airplane fuselage is represented on the element oriented as
shown in Fig. 9–4a. Represent the state of stress at the point
on an element that is oriented 30° clockwise from the
position shown.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solution
• The element is sectioned by the line a-a.
• The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solution
Applying the equations of force equilibrium in the x’ and y’ direction,
  Fx '  0;  x ' A  50A cos 30 cos 30  25A cos 30sin 30
 80A sin 30sin 30  25A sin 30 cos 30  0
 x '  4.15 MPa (Ans)
  Fy '  0;  x'y' A  50A cos 30sin 30  25A cos 30 cos 30
 80A sin 30 cos 30  25A cos 30sin 30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solution
Repeat the procedure to obtain the stress on the perpendicular plane
b–b.
  Fx '  0;  x ' A  25A cos 30sin 30  80A cos 30 cos 30
 25A cos 30 cos 30  50A sin 30sin 30  0
 x '  25.8 MPa (Ans)
  Fy '  0; -  x'y' A  25A cos 30 cos 30  80A cos 30sin 30
 25A sin 30sin 30  50A sin 30 cos 30  0
 x'y'  68.8 MPa (Ans)
The state of stress at the point can be

represented by choosing an element
oriented.

EXAMPLE 2
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the
element shown in Fig. 9–7a. Determine the state of stress at
the point on another element oriented 30° clockwise from
the position shown.

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solution
From the sign convention we have,
 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   30
To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2  25.8 MPa (Ans)
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2  68.8 MPa (Ans)
2

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solution
To obtain the stress components on plane BC,
 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   60
 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2  4.15 MPa (Ans)
2 2
 x  y
 x' y'   sin 2   xy cos 2  68.8 MPa (Ans)
2
The results are shown on the element as shown.

IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The principal stresses represent the maximum and
minimum normal stress at the point.
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element.
d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp

 xy
tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2
 x  y   x  y 
2
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 

IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
d x '  x  y
 2 sin 2   2 xy cos 2
d 2

IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS (cont)
 xy
Solving this equation leads to θ = θp; i.e tan 2 p 
 x   y / 2
 x  y   x  y 
2
 1, 2       xy2
2  2 
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The state of stress can also be represented in terms of
the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an
average stress will also act on the element.
d x ' y '  x  y
 2 cos    xy 2 sin 2   0
d 2
   y / 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θs; i.e tan 2 s 
x
•
 xy
  x  y 
2
 max in-plane      xy2

 2 
• And there is a normal stress on the
plane of maximum in-plane shear stress
 x  y
 avg 
2
EXAMPLE 3
When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–
13a, it produces a state of pure shear stress in the material.
Determine (a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and the
associated average normal stress, and (b) the principal
stress.

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solution
From the sign convention we have,  x  0 y 0  xy  
a) Maximum in-plane shear stress is
   y   x  y
2
 max in-plane   x    xy 2    avg   0 (Ans)

 2  2
b) For principal stress,

 xy
tan 2 p    p 2  45,  p1  135
 x   y / 2
 x  y   x  y 
2
 1, 2       xy 2   (Ans)
2  2 

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
Solution
If we use  p  45
2
 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 0  0    sin 90  
Thus,  2   acts at  p  45as shown in Fig. 9–13b, and 1   acts on the

2
other face  p  45

1

EXAMPLE 4
When the axial loading P is applied to the bar in Fig. 9–14a,
it produces a tensile stress in the material. Determine (a) the
principal stress and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress
and associated average normal stress.

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solution
From the established sign convention,
x  0 y 0  xy  0
Principal Stress
Since no shear stress acts on this element,
1   2  0 (Ans)

EXAMPLE 4 (cont)
Solution
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
  x   y  / 2    0  / 2
tan 2 s   ; s1  45,  s2  45
 xy 0
  x  y 
2
 0  
2
 max in plane      xy2   x   0    (Ans)

2
 2   2  2
 x  y   0 
 avg    (Ans)
2 2 2
To determine the proper orientation

of the element,
 x  y  0 
 x' y '   sin 2   xy cos 2   sin 90  0  
2 2 2

MOHR’S CIRCLE OF PLANE STRESS Please
refer to
the website for
the animation:
Mohr’s Circle
• A geometrical representation
of equations 9.1 and 9.2; i.e.
  x  y    x  y 
 x '       cos 2   xy sin 2
 2   2 
  x  y 
 x ' y '    sin 2   xy sin 2
 2 
• Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right,
and τ is positive downward.

EXAMPLE 5
Due to the applied loading, the element at point A on the
solid shaft in Fig. 9–18a is subjected to the state of stress
shown. Determine the principal stresses acting at this point.

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solution
Construction of the Circle
From Fig. 9–18a,
σ x  12 MPa, σ y  0, τ xy  6 MPa
The center of the circle is at
 12  0
 avg   6 MPa
2
The reference point A(-12,-6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9–
18b.The circle is constructed having a radius of
R 12  62  62  8.49 MPa

EXAMPLE 5 (cont)
Solution
Principal Stress
The principal stresses are indicated by
the coordinates of points B and D.
We have  1   2 ,
 1  8.49  6  2.49 MPa (Ans)
 2  6  8.49  14.5 MPa (Ans)
The orientation of the element can be

determined by calculating the angle
6
2 p2  tan1
 45.0
12  6
 p2  22.5

EXAMPLE 6
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 9–19a. Determine the maximum in-plane shear stress
at this point.

EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solution
We first construct of the circle,
 x  20,  y  90 and  xy  60
The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 20  90
 avg   35 MPa
2
From point C and the A(-20, 60) are plotted, we have
R  602  552  81.4 MPa

EXAMPLE 6 (cont)
Solution
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress.
Max in-plane shear stress and average normal stress are

 max in-plane  81.4 MPa ,  avg  35 MPa (Ans)
The counter-clockwise angle is
 20  35 
2 s1  tan 1    21.3 (Ans)
 60 

EXAMPLE 7
The state of plane stress at a point is shown on the element
in Fig. 9–20a. Represent this state of stress on an element
oriented 30°counterclockwise from the position shown.

EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solution
We first construct of the circle,
 x  8,  y  12 and  xy  6
The center of the circle C is on the axis at

 8  12
 avg   2 MPa
2
From point C and the A(-8, -6) are plotted, we have
R  102  62  11.66

EXAMPLE 7 (cont)
Solution
Stresses on 30° Element
From the geometry of the circle,
6
  tan 1
 30.96   60  30.96  29.04
10
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  8.20 MPa (Ans)
 x ' y '  11.66 cos 29.04  5.66 MPa (Ans)
The stress components acting on the adjacent face DE of the element,

which is 60° clockwise from the positive x axis, Fig. 9–20c, are represented
by the coordinates of point Q on the circle.
 x '  2  11.66 cos 29.04  12.22 MPa (Ans)

 x' y'  11.66 sin 29.04  5.66 MPa (check) (Ans)

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
• State of stress in 3-dimensional space:
 max   min
 abs max 
2
 max   min
 avg 
2

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (cont)

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (cont)

EXAMPLE 8
The point on the surface of the cylindrical pressure vessel in
Fig. 9–24a is subjected to the state of plane stress.
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress at this point.

EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solution
An orientation of an element 45° within this plane yields the state of absolute
maximum shear stress and the associated average normal stress, namely,
 abs max  16 MPa ,  avg  16 MPa (Ans)
Same result for can be obtained from direct application of
1 32
 abs max    16 MPa
2 2
32  0
 avg   16 MPa (Ans)
2

EXAMPLE 8 (cont)
Solution
By comparison, the maximum in-plane shear stress can be determined from
the Mohr’s circle,
32  16
 abs max   8 MPa
2
32  16
 avg   24 MPa (Ans)
2

Please
refer to
the website for
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION the animation:
Strain
Transformation
• In 3D, the general state of strain at a point is

represented by a combination of 3 components of
normal strain σx, σy, σz, and 3 components of shear
strain γxy, γyz, γxz.
• In plane-strain cases, σz, γxz and γyz are zero.
• The state of plane strain at a point is uniquely

represented by 3 components (σx, σy and γxy) acting on
an element that has a specific orientation at the point.

EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(cont)
Note: Plane-stress case ≠ plane-strain case

(cont)
• Positive normal strain σx and σy cause elongation
• Positive shear strain γxy causes small angle AOB
• Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule
• The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the
normal and shear strain components are to be
determined) will be defined using the angle θ. The angle
is measured from the positive x- to positive x’-axis. It is
positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.

(cont)
• Normal and shear strains
– Consider the line segment dx’
dx  dx' cos 
dy  dy ' sin 
x'   x dx cos    y dy sin    xy dy cos 

x'
 x'    x cos 2    x sin 2    xy sin  cos 
dx
x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2

(cont)
dy '   x dx sin    y dy cos    xy dy sin 
    x   y sin  cos    xy sin 2 
• Similarly,
    x   y sin   90 cos  90   xy sin 2   90
y    x   y cos  sin    xy cos 2   90

(cont)
 x ' y '       x   y sin  cos    xy cos 2   sin 2  

 x' y'x y   xy

  
 sin 2  cos 2
2  2  2

EXAMPLE 9
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain  x  500106 ,  y  300106 ,  xy  200106 
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 10–5a.
Determine the equivalent strains acting on an element of the
material oriented at the point, clockwise 30° from the
original position.

EXAMPLE 9 (cont)
Solution
• Since θ is positive counter-clockwise,
x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
 500   300 6  500   300  6
 10      200 10 6
10 cos2 30       sin 2 30
  
 2   2   2 

  x '  213 10 6  (Ans)
 x' y'x y   xy

   sin 2  cos 2
2  2  2
 500   300 6
    200 10 6
10 sin 2 30      cos2 30
 
 2   2 

  x ' y '  793 10 6  (Ans)

EXAMPLE 9 (cont)
Solution
• By replacement,
x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
 500   300 6  500   300 6
 10     200 10 6
10 cos260       sin 260
  
 2   2   2 

  x '  13.4 10 6  (Ans)

PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR
STRAIN
• Similar to the deviations for principal stresses and the
maximum in-plane shear stress, we have
 xy x y   x   y    xy 
2 2
tan 2 p  1, 2       
x  y 2  2   2 
• And,
x y 
tan 2 S   
  
 xy 
 max in-plane   x   y    xy  x y
2 2
      ,  avg 
2  2   2  2

PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR
STRAIN (cont)
• When the state of strain is represented by the principal
strains, no shear strain will act on the element.
• The state of strain at a point can also be represented in

terms of the maximum in-plane shear strain. In this case
an average normal strain will also act on the element.
• The element representing the maximum in-plane shear

strain and its associated average normal strain is 45°
from the element representing the principal strains.

EXAMPLE 10
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain defined by  x  350106 ,  y  200106 ,  xy  80106 
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 10–7a.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain at the point
and the associated orientation of the element.

EXAMPLE 10 (cont)
Solution
• Looking at the orientation of the element,
x y    350  200 

tan 2 s      
    80 
 xy 
  s  40.9 and 131
• For maximum in-plane shear strain,
 max in plane x y    xy 

2 2
     
2  2   2 
  max in plane  556 10 6   (Ans)

MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN
• A geometrical representation of Equations 10-5 and 10-

6; i.e.,
  x' y' 
2
 x'   avg 2
  
 2   R 2
 
where
x y x y    xy 
2 2
 avg  and R      
2  2   2 
• Sign convention: ε is positive to the right, and γ/2 is

positive downwards.

MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRAIN (cont)

EXAMPLE 11
The state of plane strain at a point is represented by the
components:
 x  250106 ,  y  150106 ,  xy  120106 
Determine the principal strains and the orientation of the
element.

EXAMPLE 11 (cont)
Solution
• From the coordinates of point E, we have
 
x ' y ' max in plane
2

 208.8 10 6 
 
x' y' max in plane
 418  
10 6
 avg  5010 
6
• To orient the element, we can determine

the clockwise angle.
2 s1  90  28.35
 s  36.7 (Ans)
1

MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS BY STRAIN
ROSETTES
• Ways of arranging 3 electrical-resistance strain gauges
• In general case (a):

 a   x cos 2  a   y sin 2  a   xy sin  a cos  a
 b   x cos 2  b   y sin 2  b   xy sin  b cos  b
 c   x cos 2  c   y sin 2  c   xy sin  c cos  c

VARIABLE SOLUTIONS
Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions

MEASUREMENT OF STRAINS BY STRAIN
ROSETTES (cont)
• In 45° strain rosette [case (b)],

x a
 y  c
 xy  2 b   a   c 
• In 60° strain rosette [case (c)],
x  a
y 
1
2 b  2 c   a 
2
 xy 
2
 b   c 
3

EXAMPLE 12
The state of strain at point A on the bracket in Fig. 10–17a is
measured using the strain rosette shown in Fig. 10–17b. Due
to the loadings, the readings from the gauges give
 a  60106  ,  b  135106  ,  c  26410 6 
Determine the in-plane principal strains at the point and the

directions in which they act.

EXAMPLE 12 (cont)
Solution
• Measuring the angles counter-clockwise,
 a  0, b  60 and c  120
• By substituting the values into the 3 strain-transformation equations, we

have
 x  60106  ,  y  246106  ,  z  149106 
• Using Mohr’s circle, we have A(60(10-6), 60(10-6)) and center C (153(10-6),

0).
  
R   153  60  74.52  10 6  119.1 10 6

2


 
 1  272 10 6 ,
1 33.910 6
,
 p2  19.3 (Ans)

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
• Use the principle of superposition
• Use Poisson’s ratio,  lateral   longitudinal
• Use Hooke’s Law (as it applies in the uniaxial direction),

  E
x 
1
E
  1
E
  1
E
 
 x  v y   z  ,  y   y  v x   z  ,  z   z  v x   y 

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP (cont)
• Use Hooke’s Law for shear stress and shear strain

1 1 1
 xy   xy  yz   yz  xz   xz
G G G
E
• Note: G  21  v 

v
• Dilatation (i.e. volumetric strain e   x y z )
V
1  2v
e  x   y   z 
E

• For special case of “hydrostatic” loading,

x y z  p
P E

e 31  2v 
• Where the right-hand side is defined as bulk modulus R,

i.e.
E
k
31  2v 

EXAMPLE 13
The copper bar in Fig. 10–24 is subjected to a uniform
loading along its edges as shown. If it has a length a = 300
mm, b = 500 mm, and t = 20 mm before the load is applied,
determine its new length, width, and thickness after
application of the load. Take Ecu  120 GPa , vcu  0.34

EXAMPLE 13 (cont)
Solution
• From the loading we have
 x  800 MPa ,  y  500 MPa ,  x  80 ,  z  0
• The associated normal strains are determined from the generalized

Hooke’s law,
x 
x

v
 y   z   0.00808 ,  y   y  v  x   z   0.00643 ,  z   z  v  x   y   0.000850
E E E E E E
• The new bar length, width, and thickness are therefore
a'  300  0.00808300  302.4 mm (Ans)

b'  50   0.0064350  49.68 mm (Ans)
t '  20   0.00085020  19.98 mm (Ans)

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) Which one of the following statements is untrue?
a) In 2-D state of stress, the orientation of the element representing

the maximum in-plane shear stress can be obtained by rotating
the element 45° from the element representing the principle
stresses.
b) In 3-D state of stress, the orientation of the element representing
the absolute maximum shear stress can be obtained by rotating
the element 45° about the axis defining the direction of σint.
c) If the in-plane principal stresses are of opposite sign, then the
absolute maximum shear stress equals the maximum in-plane
stress, that is, τabs max = (σmax – σmin)/2
d) Same as (c) but the principal stresses are of the same sign.

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Chapter Objectives

 To develop the transformation of stress components from

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 To determine the principal strain and maximum in-

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

1) Which of one the following statements is incorrect?

a) The principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum

b) When the state of stress is represented by the principal

c) When the state of stress is represented in terms of the maximum

d) For the state of stress at a point, the maximum in-plane shear

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2) Which one of the following statements is

a) σz = γyz = γxz = 0 while the plane-strain has 3 components σx, σy

b) Always identical to the state of plane stress

c) Identical to the state of plane stress only when the Poisson’s

d) When the state of strain is represented by the principal strains,

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

+ΣFx’ = 0; σx’ ∆A – (τxy ∆A sin θ) cos θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) sin θ

+ΣFy’ = 0; τx’y’ ∆A + (τxy ∆A sin θ) sin θ – (σy ∆A sin θ) cos θ

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• The free-body diagram of the segment is as shown.

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

The state of stress at the point can be

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 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   30

To obtain the stress components on plane CD,

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 x  80 MPa  y  50 MPa  xy  25 MPa   60

The results are shown on the element as shown.

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Solving this equation leads to θ = θp

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 max in-plane      xy2

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a) Maximum in-plane shear stress is

 max in-plane   x    xy 2    avg   0 (Ans)

b) For principal stress,

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Thus,  2   acts at  p  45as shown in Fig. 9–13b, and 1   acts on the

other face  p  45

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 max in plane      xy2   x   0    (Ans)

To determine the proper orientation

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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd