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– Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand rule
– The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the normal and shear
stress components are to be determined) will be defined using the
angle θ. The angle θ is measured from the positive x to the positive x’-
axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-hand fingers.
σx + σy σx – σy
σx’ = + cos 2θ + τxy sin 2 θ
2 2
σx + σy
τx’y’ = – sin 2θ + τxy cos 2 θ
2
σx + σy σx – σy
σy’ = – cos 2θ – τxy sin 2 θ
2 2
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variable solutions
Fx ' 0; x ' A 50A cos 30 cos 30 25A cos 30sin 30
80A sin 30sin 30 25A sin 30 cos 30 0
x ' 4.15 MPa (Ans)
Fy ' 0; x'y' A 50A cos 30sin 30 25A cos 30 cos 30
80A sin 30 cos 30 25A cos 30sin 30 0
x'y' 68.8 MPa (Ans)
Fy ' 0; - x'y' A 25A cos 30 cos 30 80A cos 30sin 30
25A sin 30sin 30 50A sin 30 cos 30 0
x'y' 68.8 MPa (Ans)
x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2 4.15 MPa (Ans)
2 2
x y
x' y' sin 2 xy cos 2 68.8 MPa (Ans)
2
d x ' x y
2 sin 2 2 xy cos 2
d 2
1, 2 xy2
2 2
d x ' x y
2 sin 2 2 xy cos 2
d 2
x y x y
2
1, 2 xy2
2 2
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE PRINCIPAL STRESS
• The state of stress can also be represented in terms of
the maximum in-plane shear stress. In this case, an
average stress will also act on the element.
d x ' y ' x y
2 cos xy 2 sin 2 0
d 2
y / 2
Solving this equation leads to θ = θs; i.e tan 2 s
x
•
xy
x y
2
y x y
2
1, 2 xy 2 (Ans)
2 2
x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2
0 0 sin 90
x 0 y 0 xy 0
Principal Stress
Since no shear stress acts on this element,
1 2 0 (Ans)
x y
2
0
2
2 2 2
x y 0
avg (Ans)
2 2 2
x y 0
x' y ' sin 2 xy cos 2 sin 90 0
2 2 2
x y x y
x ' cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2
x y
x ' y ' sin 2 xy sin 2
2
• Sign Convention:
σ is positive to the right,
and τ is positive downward.
12 0
avg 6 MPa
2
The reference point A(-12,-6) and the center C(-6, 0) are plotted in Fig. 9–
18b.The circle is constructed having a radius of
We have 1 2 ,
1 8.49 6 2.49 MPa (Ans)
2 6 8.49 14.5 MPa (Ans)
x 20, y 90 and xy 60
20 35
2 s1 tan 1 21.3 (Ans)
60
x 8, y 12 and xy 6
R 102 62 11.66
6
tan 1
30.96 60 30.96 29.04
10
x ' 2 11.66 cos 29.04 8.20 MPa (Ans)
x ' y ' 11.66 cos 29.04 5.66 MPa (Ans)
1 32
abs max 16 MPa
2 2
32 0
avg 16 MPa (Ans)
2
32 16
abs max 8 MPa
2
32 16
avg 24 MPa (Ans)
2
dx dx' cos
dy dy ' sin
• Similarly,
x y sin 90 cos 90 xy sin 2 90
y x y cos sin xy cos 2 90
xy x y x y xy
2 2
tan 2 p 1, 2
x y 2 2 2
• And,
x y
tan 2 S
xy
max in-plane x y xy x y
2 2
, avg
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
max in plane 556 10 6 (Ans)
x' avg 2
2 R 2
where
x y x y xy
2 2
avg and R
2 2 2
2
208.8 10 6
x' y' max in plane
418
10 6
avg 5010
6
2 s1 90 28.35
s 36.7 (Ans)
1
Please click the appropriate icon for your computer to access the
variable solutions
x a
y
1
2 b 2 c a
2
xy
2
b c
3
R 153 60 74.52 10 6 119.1 10 6
2
1 272 10 6 ,
1 33.910 6
,
p2 19.3 (Ans)
E
• Note: G 21 v
v
• Dilatation (i.e. volumetric strain e x y z )
V
1 2v
e x y z
E
E
k
31 2v
x
x
v
y z 0.00808 , y y v x z 0.00643 , z z v x y 0.000850
E E E E E E