Historical Development of

Measurement and Evaluation

Intelligence tests was developed in Germany,
England, France and America. The intelligence
tests they have developed are:
1. Germany and Experimental Psychology
2. England and Statistical Methods
3. France and Abnormal Psychology
4. America and Applied Psychology
Germany and Experimental Psychology

- In 1879, the first psychological laboratory

was established in Leipzig Germany by
Wilhelm Wundt. The problems studied were
on sensitivity to visual, auditory, and other
sensory stimuli and these sensory
phenomenon were reflected in the first
psychological tests.
- In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German
psychologist and founder of quantitative study
on memory published memory experiment.
He was credited for the administration of test
in arithmetic computation, memory span, and
sentence completion test to school children.
- In 1894, German psychologists Kraeplin and
Sommer, contributed to the development of
free- association test.
- In 1912, William Stern pioneered the
differential psychology. He presented
intelligence as the ratio of mental age to the
chronological age which led him to suggest
the mental quotient.
-Lewis Terman modified mental quotient to
intelligence.
IQ= MA/CAx100
 England and Statistical Method
Statistical method as instrument for the analysis
of tests results was the significant contribution of
the English to the measurement of intelligence.
-Francis Galton, an English
Scientist and the originator of the questionnaire
method and Theory of Eugenics.
- He also invented statistical and
experimental methods and suggested a graphical
method of representing correlation.
-Karl Pearson- Galton student, and Spearman
developed the science of statistics. Pearson
extended Galton’s ideas of regression and
developed the method of correlation, known as
Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of
Correlation.
-Spearman contributed to the method of
correlation known as Spearman Rank Correlation
coefficient or Spearman- Brown Formula.
France and Abnormal Psychology
- In 1838, Esquirol, a French physician,
distinguished levels of imbecility and idiocy
by the individuals use of language. He pointed
out the individuals’ use of language provided
the most dependable criterion for gauging the
intelligence levels.
- Seguin, French physician contributed
significantly to the training of the feeble-
minded.
- Seguin Form-Board Test- a test for sense and
muscle training technique. With these techniques,
low grade mental defectives were given extensive
exercises in sensory discrimination and
development of motor control.
- Alfred Binet- developed the
test of intelligence that measure human ability,
personality, characteristics, attitudes, interest, and
many aspects of behavior.
- In 1905, Binet and Simon devised the first
intelligence test which marked the appearance of
the scale for measurement of intelligence.
- In 1908, second revision
introduced the concept of mental age.
- In 1911 third revision, more
tests were added at different year levels and the
scale was extended to the adult level. This test was
brought to the United States particularly at
Stanford University.
 - In 1916, the Stanford-Binet or Stanford
revision was published which made use of
intelligence quotient IQ for the first time.
America and Applied Psychology
- In 1908, James Mckeen Cattell was the first
who used the term mental test. He confined
his tests to the simple mental process and as a
result he is known as the Father of Mental
Testing.
- In 1914, Dr. Edward Thorndike, an American
educator and considered as the father of
educational measurement.
- In the next year, Kuhlman published his first
revision of Binet Scale. It was downward
extension of test to the age level of 3 months
old baby.
- Lewis M. Terman of Stanford University
made a thorough revision of Binet scale. His
revision was carefully adopted and
standardized for use of both normal and
subnormal American Children.
- 1916, Stanford-Binet Test was first
published. -
1937, second Stanford revision was printed
consisting of two forms.
- 1960, third revision provided a single form
incorporating the best items from the two
forms in 1937.
Yoakam, Yorkes, and Otis, designed the tests
known as Army Alpha and Army Beta.
- Army Alpha- test for literate and professional
applicant.
- Army Beta- test designed for illiterate and
foreign speaking soldiers.
- Wissler and Jasfrow, American psychologists
conducted an experiment on the relationship
between intelligence and physical characteristics
and found out that no relationship existed
between intelligence and physical characteristics.
- In 1939, Wechsler published
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), test that
measure verbal and non-verbal intelligence
applicable to adults aged 16-75 years old.
- In 1955 second revision, Wechsler Intelligence
Scale for Children (WISC). An adaptation of the
adult scale for use with children age 5-15 years old.
- In
1950 Raymund B. Cattell, published culture
free/culture fair intelligence test.
-1960, Safran published another intelligence test
known as Safran Culture-Reduced Intelligence Test
(SCRIT). This test consist of 36 items applicable to
children from 7-12 years old.
Development of Achievement Tests
- In 1845, Horace Mann, influenced the
introduction of written examination to the schools
in Boston due to the disadvantages of oral
examination. - Rev.
George Fisher, an English school master devised
and utilized the first objective measures of
achievement tests. - In 1908, Cliff W.
Stone published the first standardized achievement
test in arithmetic test known as Stone Arithmetic
Test.
 The Development of Character and
Personality
- In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced a
multi-dimensional test of personality known
as Rorschach Test. This test consist of a series
of 10 ink blots used as projective techniques
to appraise the global aspects of personality.
- The Sixteen Personality Factor Test (16 PF)-
an objectively scorable test devised as basic
research for getting an insight of a persons’
personality in a brief period of time.
In 1953 Gulford and Zimmerman conducted a
survey to determine a comprehensive picture
of an individuals’ personality. The device is
known as Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament
Survey (GZTS).
- In 1959 Porter and Cattell, published the
CPQ (Children’s Personality Questionnaire)
which aimed to measure the dimension of
personality of children ages 8-12 years old.
History of Measurement and Evaluation in
the Philippines
Clemente, Martinez and Uichanco outlined
the development of testing in the Philippines
in four periods.
- In the first period 1898, it was characterized
by oral and performance tests where there
were little recognition on the individual
differences.
- second period 1898-1900, was characterized
by uniform final exam throughout the country.
–third period, 1926-1956, marked the
abolition of common final examinations.
Decentralization of final achievement was
adapted. Competitive examinations for
selection of elementary grade teachers took
place.
-fourth period, 1957-1963, much attention
was directed toward personality development
and evaluation not only in schools but even in
business and industrial corporations.
- In 1970 marked the abolition of the competitive
examinations for selection of teachers due to the
series of teachers’ examinations given by the Civil
Service Commission.
- On April 23, 1998, the first Professional Board
Examination for Teachers (PBET) has been
administered pursuant to Presidential Degree No.
1006. PBET has been administered by the Civil
service Commission and Department of Education.
On April 24, 1996 the Professional Licensure
Examination for Teachers (PLET) has been
administered by the Professional Regulation
Commission (PRC). PLET was the successor of
PBET by virtue of Republic Act. 7836
On November 25, 1975, the first National
College Entrance Examination (NCEE) was
administered to all high school graduates by
Department of Education and Culture and
Sports. All first year college applicants should
meet the NCEE cut-off score to qualify them to
enroll in college courses in any public and
private institutions. The last administration of
NCEE was on September 2, 1993.
-NSAT (National Secondary Assessment Test) was
the successor of NCEE. The first administration of
NSAT was in September 1994. In
2003, the NSAT was discontinued. - On
August 31, 1993 NEAT (National Elementary
Achievement Test) for all Grade 6 pupils was
administered . The test covered in four areas are
English, Math, Science and Heograpiya. In 2002,
NEAT was discontinued and replaced by NAT
(National Achievement Test)