BASKETBALL

Basketball is a ball game played between two teams of five

players each either indoors or outdoors.
It is played for four quarters, with each quarter using 10
minutes (12 minutes on professional leagues)
The object of the gam
is to put a spheroid
ball measuring 74.93
to 75.88 cm in
circumference through
a ring.
Offense – aiming to
score points
Defense – preventing
the offensive team to
score, while trying as
hard to get possession of
the ball in the process.
 A Short History of Basketball
1890 – 1910  1911 – 1930  1931 – 1950  1951 – 1990 
1892 – Basketball 1915 – The first 1936 – Basketball was 1975 – The Philippine
was first introduced standardized rules for first played in the Basketball Association
to women basketball were put Olympics (Berlin, (PBA), the first
together by the Germany)  Professional basketball
Amateur Athletic Union June 6, 1946 – The league in Asia, was
(AAU), Young Men’s birthdate of the National founded. It was
Christian Association Basketball Association, patterned after the
(YMCA), and the USA National Basketball
National Collegiate 1950 – The first Association (NBA) of
Athletic Association Federation the USA, and the
(NCAA) Internationale Basketball second oldest
or International professional basketball
Basketball Federation league, after the NBA.
(FIBA) World Cup
 T
H
Two-point
scoring area
E
C
45 ft
O
Three-point
scoring area U
R
T
 The standard men’s basketball is 74.93 –
The Ball 75.88 cm in circumference.
The women’s and junior’s is 72.39 cm in
circumference
The ball is usually made of leather,
rubber, or a synthetic composite, with an
inner bladder that is inflated to make the
ball bounce at least 1.30 m measured
from the top of the ball when dropped
from a height of 1.80 m measured from
the bottom of the ball.
The Goal The goal is 144.5 cm in
circumference and 3.3 m height
from the ground, mounted on a
blackboard situated on each end
of the court. Each one is
designated as team’s goal where
points are scored each time a ball
passes through. After the first half
of the game, the teams change
front courts and goals.
 The Fundamentals of Basketball

The Ready Position

This is the position that
puts the player ready for
any movement.
OFFENSIVE FUNDAMENTALS

PASSING
Chest Pass – the quickest and most
accurate pass
1. Ball is held with both hands in front of
the chest, with the four fingers pointed
forward and the thumb pointing toward
the chest
2. Elbows are then extended and shoulders
are flexed as the ball is passed
3. The target should be the chest of the
receiver when stationary or the projected
area where the chest of the receiver will
be when moving
4. The follow thru should make the palms
face outward at the end of the pass
imparting an under spin to the ball.
 Bounce Pass – a pass made to bounce on the
BOUNCE PASS floor, away from defensive hands in crowded
areas, such as the low post (area just outside
of the shaded area, on the side of the goal)
and the shaded area.
1. Ball is held as in the chest pass
2. Ball is passed in the same manner as the
chest pass, ensuring speed of release,
stepping into the pass, and follow thru
3. The target should be a point on the floor
slightly past the middle of the distance
between the passer and the receiver
4. The bounce of the ball should be toward
the chest of the receiving player
Overhead Pass – pass made to go over the defense;
usually from one side of the court to the other:
1. Ball is held firmly just above the head with both
hands
2. Swing the ball just slightly behind the head to
help gain momentum for the forward movement
3. Forcibly extend the shoulders while stepping into
the pass to send the arms together with the ball
forward
4. Follow thru forward with the arms and hands,
making sure that ball is released simultaneously
by both hands
SHOOTING
Lay-Up
Lay-up – a shot taken as close to the basket as possible; the shot with the highest
percentage of going in.
1. Approach the goal from an angle on either side, either by dribbling the ball or upon
receiving a pass
2. Use the two-step approach to get as close as possible to the goal, starting with the
right leg and ending with a jump off the left leg, if right handed; do the reverse if left
handed
3. It is best to execute the shot with the right hand when approaching the goal from the
right, and with the left hand if approaching the goal from the left; this increases the
accuracy of the shot since the body is more balanced and naturally aligned
 - a shot taken at the peak of a jump. The
Jumpshot shooting form in the jump shot and the
free throw shot is one and the same, as
follows:
1. Face the goal squarely; hold the ball
above and in front of the head; make
sure that the view of the goal is
unimpeded
2. The ball should rest on the shooting
hand, with all fingers and part of the
palm in contact with the ball; the
elbow of the shooting hand should
point toward the basket
3. The free hand should provide support
on the side of the ball
4. Extend the elbow of the shooting
arm to propel the ball toward the
goal
5. Follow through with the wrist and
the fingers, as though waving good-
bye to the ball, making sure to point
with the forefinger toward the basket
6. In the jump shot, it is important
for the player to have good balance
before and after the shot he/she
should land on the same spot from
where he/she jumped
Free Throw Shot – the
shot taken from the free
throw line in a penalty
situation. The same
fundamentals of
delivering a jump shot
are observed in doing a
free throw shot but
without the jump.
VOLLEYBALL
 Volleyball is a sport that involves
two teams with at least six
Volleyball players per team. In order to win
a match, a team must win three
out of five sets, and a set would
consist of 25 points except for
the fifth or deciding set which
would consist of only 15 points
with a minimum of two-point
lead. The object of the game is to
hit the ball only with certain
designated parts of the body over
the net and into the opponent’s
court.
 History of Volleyball

1895, William G. Morgan, who

was the physical education director
of the YMCA in Holyoke,
Massachusetts, U.S.A. invented
volleyball. He thought that there
was a need for a less strenuous
game for the much older
population since basketball was
known to be a physically
demanding sport.
 History of Volleyball

Volleyball, which was the called

mintonette, used the bladder
(interior) of the basketball as the
ball. After some time, professor
Alfred T. Halstead took notice of
how the game was played and
suggested to change the name to
volley ball. In 1952, the US Volley
Ball Association decided to spell the
name volley ball with just one word
– volleyball. 
Facilities and Equipment
The Volleyball Court The length of the
volleyball court is 18
meters with a width of 9
meters. The height of
the net should be 2.43
meters for men and 2.24
meters for women. The
antenna is a
requirement in high-
level competitive
volleyball games.
The Ball
The ball is made out of
leather or of any similar
synthetic material. The
circumference of the ball
may range from 65 to 67
cm and weigh 260 to 280
grams.
Basic Stance or Ready Position
The basic stance or ready position is to prepare the player for
the necessary movement when one is anticipating to hit the ball.
The legs and the feet. The
player should stand with feet
slightly wider than shoulder
width (one foot slightly
forward, usually the foot
opposite the dominant arm)
and knees bent at about 30-
to 40- degree angle. Majority
of the body weight should be
directed toward the front of
the feet.
The arms and the hands.
Both of your arms should be
positioned in front of your
body with the back of one
hand over the palm of the
other where your thumbs stay
side by side. The elbows have
to be always kept straight
especially when hitting the
ball with the underhand pass.
While holding the mentioned
positions (lower and upper body), you
may shadow train by pretending to hit
a ball. Remember that effort must
come from the lower body. As one
attempts to hit the ball, the legs
extend, coming from a bent position at
the point of contact with the ball while
keeping the arms together and straight
all the time.
Skills 
Service 
The service is done to put the ball in play. The following rules are always to be
remembered when executing an underhand serve.
1. The server must serve within his/her designated service area over the net and into the
opponent’s court.
2. Only one arm is allowed to hit the ball when serving.
3. The ball must be released before serving.
4. The server must wait for the first referee’s whistle before serving and must execute the
service within eight seconds.
5. The underhand serve is commonly used by beginners. The server hits the ball with the
radial side (thumb side) of his/her forearm over the net into the opponent’s court.
 The underhand or forehand pass
1. When waiting to receive a ball, the player must be in his/her ready
position described earlier in this lesson. One must keep an eye on the
ball and anticipate its path as soon as it has been hit by the other
players. 
2. The most efficient and effective way to deliver an underhand pass is
to face the ball squarely and hit it from under with the forearms.
Remember to keep the arms straight.
3. Timing when hitting the ball must also be considered. It is a matter
of anticipating the path of the ball and the positioning the body in
time to make an effective hit.
 This move/contact is made by a player
Blocking at the net to prevent the ball from
coming over when an opposing player is
sending the ball over the net. This move
is made with two extended arms with
open hands above their head. This
contact does not count as one of the
three contacts a team is allowed to
make. The same player that blocks the
ball may contact the ball again as the
first of their team’s three contacts. When
two players block at the same time it is
called a “double block”. When three
players block at the same time it is
called a “triple block”.
SPIKE Typically the third contact when a
player uses one open hand and
swings at the ball to send it over the
net is called a “hit/attack/spike”.
The player who hits the ball is
called the “hitter/attacker/spiker”.
These three terms are used
interchangeable. The whole hand is
loosely cupped in the shape of the
ball and the entire hand (palm and
fingers) should contact the ball. In
some situations a player may
choose to attack on the second
contact instead of the third.
HEALTH
 All About HIV and AIDS

Human Acquired Immune

Immunodeficiency Deficiency Syndrome,
Virus (HIV) Or AIDS
 type of white blood cell that serves as a
T-Helper Cells key mediator of immune function.
Helper T cells play a central role in
normal immune responses by producing
factors that activate virtually all the
other immune system cells. These cells
include B cells, which
produce antibodies needed to fight
infection; cytotoxic T cells, which kill
cells carrying infectious agents; and
macrophages and other effector cells,
which attack invading pathogens
(disease-causing agents).
• A pathogen is defined as an
organism causing disease to its
host, with the severity of the
disease symptoms referred to
as virulence. Pathogens are
taxonomically widely diverse
and comprise viruses and
bacteria as well as unicellular
and multicellular eukaryotes.
 All About HIV and AIDS
The most serious Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI ) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
or HIV. HIV infection can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. AIDS is a life-
threatening disease affecting the immune system. HIV attacks the T-helper cells of the immune
system. Once the T-helper cells are depleted, the defences of the body against other pathogens
becomes disabled. When a person’s immune system gets severely disabled, the infected person
already has AIDS.

          T-helper cells are cells of the immune system which stimulate other immune cells to produce
antibodies to fight against pathogens. HIV infects these T-helper cells; the virus reproduces in these
cells and kills the cells in the process.
 Doctors use the T-helper cell count active in the body to monitor the progression of HIV infection.
Fewer T-helper cells mean more advanced disease. Once the T-helper cell count decreases to 200 per
cubic millimeter of blood, or lower, a clinical diagnosis of AIDS is made. The human immune
deficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). People may have HIV infection for many years before
developing AIDS
During sexual contact, there is a risk of
acquiring sexually transmitted infection,
or STI. STIs also known as sexually
transmitted diseases or venereal diseases,
are infectious diseases caused by any
pathogen (disease-causing
microorganisms) that spreads from one
person to another during sex.
STIs are also referred to as silent
epidemics, because most people are
reluctant or ashamed to talk about them.
STIs are a serious health problem locally and globally.
The recent dramatic increase in the number of people
with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as seen in
the previous figure just shows that Filipinos should be
aware of the nature, cause, prevention, and control of
STIs. The most common STIs among teenagers are
chlamydia and gonorrhea. Genital warts are caused by
human papillomavirus (HPV) and appears to have higher
prevalence among teenagers than adults.
STIs can cause physical and emotional
distress, such as pain, discomfort,
embarrassment, certain cancers, and
infertility (being unable to have
children). Many STIs are treatable, but
others are not curable, and can be life-
threatening if left untreated. Moreover, a
person who is cured for STI can get
reinfected if exposed to the same
pathogen.
• Risky behaviors account for the increasing number of
STI. Such behaviors include:
IGNORING THE RISKS OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY
A sexually active individual is at greater risk for STIs. People
who are sexually active do not take precautionary measures
against infections. They do not realize the risk, or they choose
to ignore the risks of getting STIs. Teenagers tend to ignore the
risk, believing they will not get the infection. Unfortunately,
hundreds of thousands of teenagers get STIs each year.
HAVING SEXUAL CONTACT WITH MULTIPLE
PARTNERS.

Many people start to engage in sexual activity at a young age.

Some of them may have multiple sexual partners; this increases
the chance of contracting STIs. 
NOT GETTING PROPER TREATMENT
Poor health-seeking behavior is seen in some people who
have STIs. They do not seek immediate medical treatment,
either because they do not know they have an STI, or because
they are too embarrassed to seek treatment. Some STIs have no
symptoms and are diagnosed only through laboratory tests.
Other STIs have symptoms that disappear temporarily, leading
one to think that the infection is cured. In all of these cases, the
infection might be untreated, thus increasing the chances that
this person can infect/spread the disease to others.
 Before Developing AIDS.
HIV infection slowly destroys the immune system. There are three stages of HIV infection:  
• Asymptomatic stage. Upon exposure to HIV, an infected person may have flu-like symptoms that go away in few weeks.
For many months or years, the person may not show any signs of disease. That is why this is called the asymptomatic stage;
there is lack of symptoms during this period. People in this stage feel fine, but they can already infect others; the virus has
started destroying T-helper cells.
• Symptomatic stage. This is the stage when an HIV-infected individual begins to experience symptoms that may include
weight loss, persistent fever, diarrhea, or recurrent bacterial or fungal infections. These symptoms may only start to
manifest 7-10 years after being infected with HIV.

The onset of AIDS is marked by a very low number of T-helper cells in the blood. During this stage, HIV-infected individuals
experience more severe symptoms because the body’s ability to fight disease have been weakened by HIV. These persons
become susceptible to infections that normal healthy persons can easily fight off.
• AIDS is characterized by the presence of opportunistic infections that attack a person with a weakened immune system.
Examples of opportunistic infections include fungal infections, tuberculosis, and a lung infection called Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia. Persons with AIDS are also more prone to getting cancer of the cervix and a form of skin cancer called Kaposi’s
sarcoma. People with AIDS also suffer from severe weight loss. The virus may attack the brain and nervous system to result
in depression and mental deterioration. Death due to AIDS is usually caused by opportunistic infections.
 How HIV is Transmitted
Once a person is infected with HIV, he/she can infect others with the disease regardless of whether or not he/she any
symptoms. HIV can be spread to someone else through the exchange of semen, vaginal secretions, blood, or breast
milk. The four ways that HIV can spread from one person to another include the following:

• Having sexual contact. Any form of sexual contact involving infected body fluids can transmit HIV. The infected fluid
enters a person’s bloodstream through tiny cuts, sores, or wounds in the lining of the mouth, vagina, penis, or
rectum.
• Sharing needles. One can get HIV through shared needles or syringes contaminated with another infected person’s
blood. Sharing needles for body piercings and tattoos, as well as injecting illegal drugs put one at risk for HIV
infection.
• Coming into contact with another person’s blood. HIV can be transmitted if a person has a sore or cut that comes
into contact with the blood of an infected individual. It is therefore important to avoid all contact with other
people’s blood. Blood for transfusion is also screened to make sure that the donor has no HIV.
• Passing from an infected mother to her child. Mother-to-baby transmission of HIV can occur during pregnancy,
birth, or breastfeeding. Some drugs can reduce the chances of transmitting the disease during pregnancy. The baby
might be delivered by caesarean section to decrease the risk of transmission during birth. Mothers with HIV are
discouraged from breastfeeding their babies. 
• No one gets HIV through casual contact. Holding hands, hugging an infected person, or eating with an infected individual will not give you
HIV infection. Very small amounts of HIV are found in tears, saliva, and sweat, but the amounts are so minimal that infection from contact
with the said fluid is highly unlikely. The risk of getting HIV from blood transfusion is very small because all of the blood collected for
transfusion is tested for the presence of HIV. Blood that tests positive for HIV antibodies is discarded, and blood donors are interviewed and
discouraged from donating blood if they show high risks behavior for HIV infection.
• To prevent HIV infection just like other STIs, practice abstinence, avoid drugs, and avoid contact with other blood products and body fluids.
Of course, it is important to practice sexual fidelity, where both partners agree to have sexual contact only with one another.
• One can do an HIV test, where a person’s blood is tested for antibodies to HIV. If antibodies are detected, a second test is done to confirm
the result. A person who is diagnosed as being positive to the confirmatory test is infected with HIV or is HIV-positive.
• Government Policies That Help Control HIV/AIDS
• Since HIV infection and AIDS have become a global problem and are getting to be a serious one, the government has come up with policies
to prevent and control HIV and AIDS, that we should adhere and follow. One of these is Republic Act 8504 or The Philippine AIDS Prevention
and Control Act of 1998.
•
RA 8504 aims to prevent and control the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines through a nationwide HIV/AIDS information and educational
program, comprehensive HIV/AIDS monitoring system, and strengthening of the Philippine National AIDS Council. 
•
Another government policy is the RA 7719 or The Blood Services Act of 1994. Through this act, the government encourages people to
donate blood to ensure that there is an adequate supply of safe blood to save the lives of Filipinos.
 How to Avoid STIs
Sexual contact is the main way to contracting an STI. Coming into
contact with the blood of an infected person can also transmit STIs.
The good news is that STIs can be prevented. The ways to avoid STIs
include practice abstinence, avoiding drugs, and choosing friends
who are responsible.
• Practicing abstinence
Since STIs are primarily spread through sexual activity, sexual
abstinence is the best way to prevent getting them. Sexual
abstinence means not having any sexual contact. Teenagers can
choose to abstain from having sexual contact, to avoid getting STIs.
Avoiding drugs
Some STIs can be transmitted through blood-to-blood
contact. People who inject illegal drugs have a high risk of
contracting STIs, especially when they share needles that are
contaminated.
People who use contaminated needles are more likely to get
infected with STIs. An example of this would be sharing needles
while getting tattoo or body piercing.
Choosing Friends Who Are Responsible
• To ensure abstinence and avoid drugs, the best way is to
choose friends who do not engage in sexual activity and do not
to take drugs. These responsible friends support healthy
decisions and can make it easier to resist the pressure of
engaging in sexual activity and using drugs.
• Your parents, guardians, teachers, and other responsible adults
also provide support. They can offer sound advice regarding
abstinence and other responsible choices for health.