The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)

Lesson 1 The Italian Renaissance

The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 1 The Italian Renaissance

Learning Objectives

• Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and

understand why it began in Italy.
• Identify Renaissance artists and explain how new
ideas affected the arts of the period.
• Understand how writers of the time addressed
Renaissance themes.
• Explain the impact of the Renaissance.
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 1 The Italian Renaissance

Key Terms

• humanism
• humanities
• vernacular
• patron
• perspective
The Italian Renaissance

From the 1300s to the 1500s, Western Europe enjoyed

a golden age in the arts and literature, known as the
Renaissance. The word literally means “rebirth.” The
Renaissance was a time of great creativity and change
in many areas—economic, political, social, and above
all, cultural.
The Italian Renaissance

A New Worldview
- Rediscovered interest of Greek and Roman
philosophers
- Rebirth after disorder and disunity of the late Middle
Ages
- Focused on the here and now rather then the
afterlife
- Ideal Renaissance person was multi-talented
A Spirit of Adventure and Curiosity
- Exploration of Earth and Space during this time
Renaissance Humanism
- Focused on secular subjects
- Looking at the importance of humans
The Italian Renaissance

The growth of urban areas helped spur and encourage a renewal of culture known as the Renaissance.
This 19th century reconstruction of a 15th century painting shows Florence, Italy, in 1490.
The Italian Renaissance

Analyze Charts Read the chart comparing medieval and Renaissance Europe. How were the
achievements of individuals judged in the different eras?
The Renaissance Begins in Italy

The Renaissance began in Italy in the mid-1300s and

later spread north to the rest of Europe. It reached its
height in the 1500s. The Renaissance emerged in Italy
for several reasons.
The Renaissance Begins in Italy Interactive Chart

Italy’s History and Geography

- Looking at ancient civilizations Rome was a great
place to start
- Architecture, coins, statues, and inscriptions served
as a reminder
- Coastal cities allowed for massive trade, led to larger
cities and powerful banks
Florence and the Medicis
- Florence was a major Italian city that supported the
Renaissance
- Medici family started with banking, expanded to
manufacturing, mining and other business ventures
- Powerful and wealthy families supported the arts
The Renaissance Begins in Italy

Analyze Charts Review the chart about the Medici family in Renaissance Italy. During Lorenzo’s rule of
Florence, in which years did he probably have more money to spend on the arts?
Art Flourishes in the Renaissance

The Renaissance attained its most glorious expression

in its paintings, sculpture, and architecture. Wealthy
patrons played a major role in this artistic flowering.
Popes and princes, along with successful merchants,
supported the work of hundreds of artists.
Art Flourishes in the Renaissance

Art Reflects New Ideas and Attitudes

- Focuses on the individual
- Produced portraits of famous figures of the time
- Had Greek and Roman influences throughout
Renaissance Architecture
- Reused old styles of columns, arches, and domes

The Big 3
 Leonardo da Vinci
 Michelangelo
 Raphael
 What are styles that we can think of?
Art Flourishes in the Renaissance

In this painting by Italian Renaissance artist Tintoretto, Mary Magdalene anoints the feet of Jesus.
Classical columns in the background reflect the Renaissance style.
New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes

Poets, artists, and scholars mingled with politicians at

the courts of Renaissance rulers. A literature of “how
to” books sprang up to help ambitious men and
women who wanted to rise in the Renaissance world.
New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes

Castiglione’s Ideal Courtier

- Baldassare Castilgione – author of The Book of the
Courtier
- Was a “how to” book on how to gain influence and
power in the courts
Machiavelli’s Advice to Princes
- Niccolo Machiavelli – author of The Prince
- Was a foreign diplomat who worked with foreign
kings and princes
- “Ends justifies the means” in political ambition
- Caused people to look at politics differently
- Ambitious goals and power focused
New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes

This 1474 painting by Italian Renaissance artist Andrea Mantegna is called The Court of Mantua. An
Italian nobleman was Mantegna’s patron and commissioned art works like this.
Quiz: The Italian Renaissance

How did Renaissance humanists differ from medieval

thinkers?

A. They focused solely on religious subjects and

emphasized individual achievements.
B. They rejected the classical works from Greece and
Rome, focusing their work on Biblical studies.
C. They were interested in inquiry and exploration, as
well as the idea that humans could perfect themselves.
D. They looked to the classical works from Greece and
Rome, focusing on a narrow, specialized area of study.
Quiz: The Renaissance Begins in Italy

What was one economic effect of the Renaissance?

A. Increased trade led to thriving Italian banks.

B. The Roman Catholic Church gave money to artists.
C. Wealthy Italian merchants invested in improving
Muslim port cities.
D. Wealthy families like the Medicis purchased ancient
treasures of Athens.
Quiz: New Books Reflect Renaissance Themes

What was a political impact of Machiavelli’s book, The

Prince?

A. It gave courtiers political and social ideals to follow.

B. It made people reconsider views of government and
political power.
C. It encouraged citizens in Italy to oppose corruption
and oppression.
D. It led to the formation of a new government in Italy.
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 2 The Renaissance in Northern Europe
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 2 The Renaissance in Northern Europe

Learning Objectives

• Describe the themes that northern European artists,

humanists, and writers explored.
• Explain how the printing revolution shaped
European society.
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 2 The Renaissance in Northern Europe

Key Terms

• engraving
• Erasmus
• utopian
• William Shakespeare
• Johannes Gutenberg
Artists of the Northern Renaissance

In the mid-1300s, the Black Death had reduced the

population of Europe by one-third and brought the
economy to a standstill. Italy recovered fairly quickly
and was soon the center of the Renaissance and its
creative upsurge. Only after 1450 did northern Europe
enjoy the economic growth that had earlier supported
the Renaissance in Italy.
Northern Renaissance Humanists and Writers

Like the Italian humanists, northern European

humanist scholars stressed education and classical
learning. At the same time, they emphasized religious
themes. They believed that the revival of ancient
learning should be used to bring about religious and
moral reform.
Northern Renaissance Humanists and Writers
Erasmus
- Called for reform in the church, wanted Bible to be in
the vernacular
Sir Thomas More
- Published the book Utopia
- Called for economic and social reforms
Rabelais’s Comic Masterpiece
- Printed work in the vernacular, also argued for social
changes
Shakespeare Explores Universal Themes
- Focused on everyday realistic events (humanist)
- Midsummer Nights Dream (young love) / Richard III
(English Kings) / Romeo and Juliet (teenagers and
family feuds)
Northern Renaissance Humanists and Writers

Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch priest and humanist scholar who was active during the Northern
European Renaissance. He believed an individual's chief duties were to be open-minded and to show
good will toward others.
The Printing Revolution

The great works of Renaissance literature reached a

large audience. The reason for this was a crucial
breakthrough in technology—the development of
printing in Europe.

Flipped Video

How Printing Press Works

The Printing Revolution

The New Technology

- Johannes Gutenburg – Mainz, Germany – created
printing press in 1456
- Shortly afterwards printing presses were found in
Germany, Italy, England, and the Netherlands

The Impact of the Printed Book

- Mass production of books (increased in education)
- Books were now more affordable
- Spread ideas more rapidly
Analyze Charts The chart shows the effects of the printing press in Europe. Is it likely or unlikely that in
1500, only the largest European capital cities had printing presses?
The Printing Revolution

Johannes Gutenberg with the first printing press in 1450s Mainz, Germany
Quiz: Northern Renaissance Humanists and Writers

What was a goal that the writers Erasmus, More, and

Rabelais all had in common?

A. telling comical tales

B. translating biblical stories
C. changing and reforming society
D. abandoning old religions
Quiz: The Printing Revolution

What was one impact of the printing revolution on

European society?

A. European readers learned classical languages as

books became widely available.
B. More people had access to knowledge because
books became less expensive.
C. Books were published in great numbers but were a
luxury that only the wealthy could afford.
D. The printing press made books more elegantly
designed than in the past.
Do Now “QUIZ”

Saxophone Man
OR
Young Female?
Do Now “QUIZ”

Chalice
OR
Two Faces?
Do Now “QUIZ”

Young lady
OR
Old Lady
Do Now “QUIZ”

Rabbit OR Duck
 Leonardo Da Vinci

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rog5i2n1QVs
“The Man Who Wanted to Know Everything”
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 3 The Protestant Reformation
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 3 The Protestant Reformation

Learning Objectives

• Summarize the factors that encouraged the

Protestant Reformation.
• Explain the impact of the printing press on the
Reformation.
• Analyze Martin Luther's role in shaping the
Protestant Reformation.
• Explain the teachings and impact of John Calvin.
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 3 The Protestant Reformation

Key Terms

• indulgence
• Charles V
• diet
• John Calvin
• predestination
• Geneva
• theocracy
Causes of the Reformation

During the Renaissance, Christians from all levels of

society grew impatient with the corruption of the
clergy and the worldliness of the Roman Catholic
Church. In the words of one unhappy peasant, “Instead
of saving the souls of the dead and sending them to
Heaven, [the clergy] gorge themselves at banquets
after funerals . . . They are wicked wolves! They would
like to devour us all, dead or alive.”
Causes of the Reformation

Abuses Within the Church

- Popes competed with secular rulers for political
power
- Popes began to live lavish lifestyles
- Increased fees for church services (marriages,
baptisms, indulgences)

Early Reformers (already have seen them)

- John Wycliffe called for reform and stop selling
indulgences
- John Hus – argued for vernacular
Causes of the Reformation

During the 1500s, European villages were busy places, with markets, artisan shops, and homes. The
church was the center of village life.
Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change

Protests against the Church continued to grow. In 1517,

these protests erupted into a full scale revolt. The man
who triggered the revolt was a German monk and
professor of theology named Martin Luther.
Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change

Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg. The theses also contained an
invitation to church leaders to debate Luther on the issues raised by his theses. The invitation was
ignored.
Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change

95 Theses Challenge the Church

- Selling of indulgences in Wittenberg, Germany to
rebuild Cathedral of St. Peter set off Martin Luther
- Created 95 Theses and posted on door

A Firestorm Begins
- 95 Theses copied and printed throughout Europe
- Both Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V
excommunicated and outlawed Martin Luther after
he refused to give up opinions
- Still supported by many even though it was illegal
to support Martin Luther
Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change

Luther’s Teachings
- Salvation could only be achieved through faith
alone
- Bible was source of all information
- Church hierarchy did not have special powers
- Five of the seven sacraments he did not agree with
- Gained followers called Lutherans or Protestants
(protesting) depending on where you live

Protestant Reformation
John Calvin Challenges the Church

In the wake of Luther’s revolt against the Church, other

reformers challenged Church authority. The most
important was John Calvin, who lived in what is today
Switzerland. Calvin had a razor-sharp mind, and his
ideas had a profound effect on the direction of the
Protestant Reformation.
John Calvin Challenges the Church
95 These Rap
Calvin's Teachings
- 1536 published Institutes of the Christian Religion, set
forth beliefs and organization
- Set up Protestant Theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
- Individuals traveled from all over Europe to observe
Geneva and recreate

Calvinist Ideas Spread

- By late 1500s Calvinism had spread to Germany,
France, England, Scotland, and the Netherlands.
- By this time multiple wars started between
Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist organizations
John Calvin Challenges the Church

The Calvinist belief in simplicity is reflected in the design of this Calvinist church in Nuremberg,
Germany. No images of saints or religious leaders decorate the church, and the preacher's pulpit is the
center of focus.
Quiz: Martin Luther's Protests Bring Change

The Protestant Reformation swept through Northern

Europe when Martin Luther, angered over the abuses
within the Church, called for

A. the pope to establish a committee to end the

abuses of the Catholic Church.
B. a rejection of the pope's authority, an end to church
practices such as indulgences, and that ordinary people
be able to read and study the Bible.
C. the peasants to revolt against the church and
government, and that all Christians have equal and
direct access to God.
D. the pope to ensure that all Christians have equal
and direct access to God and that the clergy be allowed
to marry.
Quiz: John Calvin Challenges the Church

Visiting Protestants saw John Calvin's theocracy in

Geneva as a model community. They brought back his
Calvinist ideas, which

A. inspired many Lutherans in Germany to incorporate

his ideas and unite against the Catholic Church.
B. were fiercely rejected by French Lutherans, who
waged a bloody war with French Calvinists.
C. gained a widespread and peaceful acceptance,
particularly in Germany, France, and Scotland.
D. gained many followers, which sometimes resulted
in bloody conflicts in places such as Germany and
France.
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 5 The Scientific Revolution
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 5 The Scientific Revolution

Learning Objectives

• Explain how new discoveries in astronomy changed

the way people viewed the universe.
• Understand the new scientific method and how it
developed.
• Identify the contributions that Galileo, Copernicus,
Newton, and other scientists made to the Scientific
Revolution.
The Renaissance and Reformation (1300–1650)
Lesson 5 The Scientific Revolution

Key Terms

• heliocentric
• scientific method.
• hypothesis,
• calculus
• gravity
Changing Views of the Universe

Both the Renaissance and the Reformation looked to

the past for models. Humanists turned to ancient
classical learning. Religious reformers looked to the
Bible and early Christian times for inspiration. The
Renaissance spirit of inquiry led scientists to explore
beyond the knowledge of the ancients.
Changing Views of the Universe

Old Views
 - Greek Philosophers and the Church both said
Earth was center of Universe
 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a sun centered
model
 Took multiple other scientists to confirm
Copernicus’ theory, most notable was Johannes
Kepler
 Galileo Galilei used new technology to create first
astronomical telescope. Church was upset with his
findings and sentenced him to house arrest in early
17th century
Changing Views of the Universe

The ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe and
the sun and stars revolved around it. This is an image of Ptolemy’s Geocentric Universe.
A New Scientific Method

Despite the opposition of the Church, by the early

1600s a new approach to science had emerged. Unlike
most earlier approaches, it started not with Aristotle or
Ptolemy or even the Bible but with observation and
experimentation. Most important, complex
mathematical calculations were used to convert the
observations and experiments into scientific laws. In
time, this approach became known as the scientific
method.
A New Scientific Method

Revolutionary Scientific Thinkers

- Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon were early
scientific “thinkers”
- “The Truth is not known at the beginning, but only at
the end after a long process of investigation”
- These ideas created what we call the Scientific
Method
A New Scientific Method

Ancient Greek philosopher Plato meets with students and other philosophers. Plato taught that man
should look beyond appearances to learn nature's truths. His teachings were rediscovered by
Renaissance scientists and helped shape people's view of the physical world.
A New Scientific Method
Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry

The 1500s and 1600s saw dramatic changes in many of

the sciences, especially medicine and chemistry. Like
Copernicus, Bacon, and Descartes, scientists rejected
long-held assumptions. They relied on new technology,
such as the microscope, and benefited from better
communication, especially the availability of printed
books.
Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry 2. The Microscope
1. Human Anatomy

4. Isaac Newton – Theory of Gravity

3. The New Science of Chemistry
Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry

Scientific Revo
lution Video

English surgeon John Banister dissects a corpse to teach students about human anatomy. New
approaches to scientific investigation helped to change how physicians learned about the human body.
Quiz: Changing Views of the Universe
How did the discoveries of Copernicus and other
astronomers affect the way people viewed the
universe?

A. Their experiments proved that the ancient classical

astronomers had been correct about how the universe
functioned.
B. Their observations supported the Ptolemaic view of
the universe.
C. Their discoveries reinforced traditional Church
teachings on the relationship between Earth and the
stars and other planets.
D. Their observations proved that the universe was
heliocentric.
Quiz: A New Scientific Method

The ideas of Francis Bacon and René Descartes led to a

new scientific method because they both believed that

A. the discoveries of the ancient philosophers were

valid but should be documented in a modern way.
B. truth could only be determined after a process of
investigation.
C. the traditional teachings of the Church should form
the basis of all scientific inquiry.
D. basic scientific fact is obvious to those who look
hard enough at available data.
Quiz: Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry

Some of the most profound work of the Scientific

Revolution came from Isaac Newton. His work included

A. the discovery of the human circulatory system and

how the heart acts to pump blood through that
system.
B. developing a microscope that was powerful enough
to see tiny organisms invisible to the naked eye.
C. discovering that specific chemicals are the building
blocks of life.
D. the discovery that nature follows uniform laws and
that all motion in the universe can be measured and
described mathematically.