Organizing Data

ENGR. MARIZEN B. CONTRERAS, PIE, MSME, MBA

Simple Random Samples
A simple random sample of n measurements from a population is one
selected in such a manner that every sample of size n from the
population has equal probability of being selected, and every member
of the population has equal probability of being included in the
sample.
Three Major Types Of Presenting Data

• Textual presentation
• Tabular presentation
• Graphical presentation
Common types of graphs
• Line graph
• Pie chart
• Bar graph
• Pictograph
• Pareto charts
Histograms And Frequency Distributions
• It differs from a bar graph in two important ways:
• The bars always touch and
• The width of the bar represents a quantitative value, such as age.
Frequency Table
• Determine the class width
• Create the distinct classes. We use the convention that the lower class
limit of the first class is the smallest data value. Add the class width to
this number to get the lower class limit of the next class.
• Tally the data into classes. Each data value should fall into exactly one
class. Total the tallies to obtain each class frequency.
• Compute the midpoint (class mark) for each class.
• Determine the class boundaries.
Relative-Frequency Table
• For each class, compute the relative frequency f/n, where f is the class
frequency and n is the total sample size.
Example:
• One irate customer called Dollar Day Mail Order Company 40 times
during the last two weeks to see why his order and had not arrived.
Each time he called, he recorded the length of time he was put on
hold before being allowed to talk to a customer representative.
Table 1: LENGTH OF TIME ON HOLD, in minutes

1 5 5 6 7 4 8 7 6 5
5 6 7 6 6 5 8 9 9 10
7 8 11 2 4 6 5 12 13 6
3 7 8 8 9 9 10 9 8 9

What are the largest and smallest values in Table 1?

If we want five classes, what should the class width be?
Create a frequency table.
Find the class boundaries?
Create a histogram.
Compute the relative frequency for each class?
Create the relative-frequency histogram.
Example 2
One Way Commuting Distances in Miles for 60 workers in Downtown
Dallas
13 47 10 3 16 20 17 40 4 2
7 25 8 21 19 15 3 17 14 6
12 45 1 8 4 16 11 18 23 12
6 2 14 13 7 15 46 12 9 18
34 13 41 28 36 17 24 27 29 9
14 26 10 24 37 31 8 16 12 16

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Frequency Polygons
• A histogram gives the impression that frequencies jump
suddenly from one class to the next. If you want to
emphasize the continuous rise or fall of the frequencies, you
can use a frequency polygon or line graph.
Cumulative Frequency and Ogives

• The cumulative frequency for a class is the sum of the frequencies for
all that class and all previous classes
• One way to graph information showing cumulative frequencies is to
construct an ogive
• Ogives are helpful when we want to know how many of our scores
are above or below some level
Example:
One-Way Commuting Distances in Miles for 60 workers in
Downtown Dallas
13 47 10 3 16 20 17 40 4 2
7 25 8 21 19 15 3 17 14 6
12 45 1 8 4 16 11 18 23 12
6 2 14 13 7 15 46 12 9 18
34 13 41 28 36 17 24 27 29 9
14 26 10 24 37 31 8 16 12 16
Stem and Leaf Displays
• A stem and leaf display is a device that organizes and groups
data but allows us to recover the original data if desired.
Example:
Many airline passengers seem weighted down with their carry-on luggage.
Just how much weight are they carrying? The carry-on luggage weights for
a random sample of 40 passengers returning from a vacation to Hawaii were
recorded in pounds (See Table C)

Table C. Weights of Carry-On Luggage in Pounds

30 27 12 42 35 47 38 36 27 35
22 17 29 3 21 10 38 32 41 33
26 45 18 43 18 32 31 32 19 21
33 31 28 29 51 12 32 18 21 26
Example
• Inflation is a stealth enemy top family budgets. One of the measure of
inflation is the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The following data give
percentage in CPI from 1970 to 1976

5.9 4.3 3.3 6.2 11.0 9.1 5.8 6.5

7.7 11.3 13.5 10.4 6.1 3.2 4.3 3.6
1.9 4.0 4.4 4.6 5.4 4.2 3.0 3.0
2.6 2.8 2.9

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Example:
• Tel-A-Message is experimenting with computer-delivered telephone
advertisements. Of primary concern is how much of the 4-minute
advertisement is heard. A study was done to see how long the
advertisement ran before the listeners hung up. A random sample of
30 calls gave the information in Table D.
Table D. Time Spent Listening to Advertisement (in Minutes)

1.3 0.7 2.1 0.5 0.2 0.9 1.1 3.2 4.0 3.8

1.4 3.1 2.5 0.6 0.5 2.1 4.0 4.0 0.3 1.2

1.0 1.5 0.4 4.0 2.3 2.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 4.0
Example:
• Forbes Richest People gives the profile of the world’s
wealthiest men and women. Do you have to be old to be
worth at least $2 billion? You can answer this question
yourself by studying the following data-ages of men and
women worth at least $2 billion

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40 66 43 82 52 58 77 52 50 48 47
68 66 73 76 53 67 88 40 79 73 66
65 70 72 77 48 75 82 54 76 41 93
65 60 57 74 70 83 67 68 77 66 34
66 59 48 56 71 40 53 63 52 57 83
52 60 56 71 64 61 53 53 73 70 59

Make a stem and leaf diagram

Make a histogram

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