MINITAB

TUTORIAL 1 - GRAPHS
Ms. GAYATRI VINEELA.M

Department of Mechanical Engineering

BITSPilani, Hyderabad
 Theory
• Data – Information collected from experiments/ surveys

• Variable

• Qualitative Data – Categorical

• Quantitative - Continuous, Discrete

• Graphs give an insight to:

• Data Distribution – Spread of the data

• Correlation

• Trends / Patterns

• Descriptive statistics.
Theory cont..

• Skewness : Deviation of the curve from symmetry.

• Skewness Coefficient: Degree of deviation from Symmetry

• For symmetric distribution, Skewness co-efficient = zero. (Mean = Median)

• Left Skewed – Mean < Median (negative)

• Right Skewed - Mean > Median. (Positive)

• Kurtosis –peakedness of the data set.

• Kurtosis Coefficient - Measure of the peakedness of the data set.

• Mesokurtic Coefficient (Normal Distribution)

• Leptokurtic Coefficient (more peaked than normal distribution)

• Platykurtic Coefficient (less more peaked than normal distribution)

Theory cont..
Theory cont..
Problem 1: Plotting a graph - HISTOGRAM (Tutorial 1)

Inside Diameter of Sleeves in mm:

 Definition

• HISTOGRAM – A graphical display of the frequency of the data in which the characteristic value

is subdivided into classes/ cells/ bins.

• Continuous Data

• Minimum sample size - 20

STEP 1: Input the data in the worksheet
Enter the observations from the given table in a single column (Stacking columns can be done)
STEP 2: Choose the required graph from the list
STEP 3: Select the type of Histogram
STEP 4: Select the column containing the data
STEP 5: Output
STEP 6: Interpret the result

• The histogram provides us with a sense of the distribution of the 100 values, where classes of
equal width have been created. The midpoints of the classes are 49.00,49.92, · · ·, and so on.

• A majority of the values are clustered between 49.96 and 50.04. The shape of the distribution
resembles a bell-shaped distribution.
Problem 2: Plot a Stem and Leaf Graph from the given data

Inside Diameter of Sleeves in mm:

Definition

• A plot or a table in which the data are arranged in 3 columns as frequency, stem and leaf.

• It is similar to Histogram, but the data are plotted quantitatively.

• Suitable and easy for less amount of data(i.e., sample size less than 20).

• Leaf count is taken as per the input data.

• For Ex:

• if the data is in the form 14.2 19.8,22.3, 15.7 etc. leaf count is taken as 0.1;

• If the data is in the form of 52.20,56.29,38.45,44.23 etc., leaf count is 0.01.

• If the data is of the form 22, 20 ,32 , 45,63 etc., leaf count can be taken as 1.
Step 1: Input the data in the worksheet
Enter the observations from the given table in a single column (Stacking columns can be done)
Step 2: Select the Stem and Leaf plot from the GRAPH tab
Step 3: Select the column containing the data
Step 4: Output
Step 5: Interpret the result
• Each data value is split into two parts, the stem and the leaf. For example, the data value 49.90 is
displayed with the stem part as 499 and the leaf part as 0.

• The leftmost column in Figure represents the cumulative frequency, from the corresponding end,
depending on the location of the stem relative to the median.

• Thus, the value "7" in the second row of the stem "499" tells us that there are seven values <= 49.93.

• The value in parentheses, "(25)", indicates the median class, and only for this class the number "25"
indicates that there are 25 values in this median class (i.e., between 50.00 and 50.01).
Problem 3: Construct a Box Plot from the given data
• A private company operates an unloading facility for boilers in the Visakhapatnam port. A random sample of
size 30 that shows the unloading times(in hours) was collected. To improve the efficiency of unloading, a
process study was conducted. After implementing some changes in the process, a subsequent random
sample of size 30 was collected. Both the sets of observations are given in the table shown in the next slide.

Construct a Box plot for unloading times prior to process changes and comment on the process.

Theory:

Quartile – one – fourth of the data;

Lower Quartile

Upper Quartile

IQR
Input data
Before Changes After Changes
Sample Number Time Sample Number Time
1 9.4 1 2.7
2 1.5 2 14.4
3 14.6 3 3.2
4 10.8 4 17
5 18.2 5 1
6 19.8 6 12.7
7 23.5 7 4.6
8 5.2 8 6.8
9 9.3 9 22.7
10 9.1 10 2.3
11 13.3 11 8.3
12 26.1 12 2.6
13 2.3 13 7.7
14 30.7 14 21.4
15 22.5 15 1.7
16 1.2 16 4.6
17 2.6 17 0.9
18 7.5 18 2.5
19 19.2 19 1.2
20 1.8 20 14.9
21 34.2 21 1.4
22 18.1 22 7.3
23 7.5 23 4.6
24 3.4 24 6.6
25 12.4 25 4.9
26 30.8 26 2
27 5.3 27 4.9
28 39.5 28 9.6
29 4.2 29 1.1
30 2.5 30 1.2
Step 1: Input the data in the worksheet
Step 2: Select the Box plot from the GRAPH tab
Step 3: Select the type of Box Plot
Step 4: Select the column containing the data
Step 5: Output
Step 6: Interpret the result

• The box extending from 4.0 to 20.475 contains 50% of the observations.

• The median is at 10.1 and is closer to the bottom edge (Q1) of the box.

• The length of the top whisker is much longer than the bottom whisker indicating a much longer

right tail. So, the distribution is positively skewed.

• There are no outliers.

Problem 4: Construct a Scatter Plot from the given data

In a machining facility, it is decided to observe the relationship between the depth of cut in a milling operation

and the amount of tool wear. 40 observations were taken from the process such that the depth of cut(in mm) is

varied over a range of values and the corresponding amount of tool wear (also in mm) over 40 operation cycles.

The data values are given in the given table.

Input data
Step1: Input the data in the worksheet
Step 2: Select the Scatter plot from the GRAPH tab
Step 3: Select the type of Scatter Plot
Step 4: Assign the columns as X data and Y data
Step 5: Output
Step 6: Interpret the result

• The plot gives an idea of the relationship between the two variables depth of cut and amount of tool wear.

• A non-linear relationship is observed.

• For the depth of cut values less than 3.0, the tool wear appears constant.

• For depth of cut values above 4.5mm, the tool wear increases drastically.

• The information helps to choose the appropriate depth of cut for minimum tool wear.
 Probability Distributions

Probability Distributions are theoretical frequency distributions that describe how out comes are

expected to vary if an experiment is performed.

• They are useful in drawing inferences and making decisions under conditions of uncertainty.

• Two types:

• Discrete Distributions (Binomial, Poisson etc.)

• Continuous Distributions ( Normal, Exponential etc.,)

• Path: CALC – PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

 Probability Calculations
• A process is known to produce 5% nonconforming items. A sample of 40 items is selected from the process.
Find the probability of obtaining no more than 3 nonconforming items in the sample.

• A local hospital estimates that the number of patients admitted daily to the emergency room has a Poisson
probability distribution with a mean of 4.0. What is the probability that on a given day:
• Only 2 patients will be admitted?

• At most 6 patients will be admitted?

• For each patient admitted, the expected daily operational expenses to the hospital are Rs. 800. If the hospital
wants to be 94.9% sure of meeting daily expenses, how much money should it retain for operational expenses
daily?
 Probability Calculations cont.…

• A company has been able to restrict the use of electrical power through energy conservation
measures. The monthly use is known to be normal with a mean of 60,000kWh and a standard
deviation of 400kWh.
• What is the probability that the monthly consumption will be less than 59,100kWh?

• What is the probability that the monthly consumption will be between 59,000 and 60,300kWh?
 Thank You!
In our next session: Basic Statistics