Contrast

Sensitivity
By: Zunaira
Riaz
 What is Contrast????
0 Differences in contrast between objects and their
surrounds allows detection and identification.
0 In this respect, objects can vary in color, texture, size,
shape, or luminance.

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 Types of Contrast Sensitivity
There are two types of contrast sensitivity.

0 Spatial contrast sensitivity.

0 Temporal contrast sensitivity.

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 Spatial contrast sensitivity
Spatial refers as space.

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 Spatial contrast sensitivity
0 Refer to the detection of striped patterns at various
levels of contrast and spatial frequencies.
0 In measurement patient is asked about light and dark
band.
0 Asked about the minimum contrast observed at each
frequency bar.
0 Width of the bar expresses the number of pair of dark
and light bars subtending an angle of 1ᵒ at each eye.
0 Narrow bars show high spatial frequency where as
wide bars show low spatial frequency.

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 Temporal Contrast sensitivity
0 Defined as the reciprocal of the minimum exposure
duration required for a grating to be detected, was
measured for gratings with constant contrasts in a
range of spatial frequencies.
0 Both types yield significantly more complete and
systemic data on the visual performance status.

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 Measurement of contrast
sensitivity
0 Reciprocal of this contrast threshold gives the
contrast sensitivity.
0 Contrast sensitivity is measured by the following
equation.

Contrast = (Lmax - Lmin )/(Lmax + Lmin )

0 L > luminance recorded by photocells scanning across
grating.

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 Variables in measurement of
contrast sensitivity
0 Average amount of light:
reflected light depends on illumination of
paper and darkness of ink.
0 Degree of blackness:
blackness in relation to the white background.
0 Distance :
grating periods or cycles per degree of visual
angle.

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 Contrast sensitivity
charts !!!!!!

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 Clinical Methods of Contrast
measurement
0 PELI-ROBSON CHARTS
0 REGAN LOW CONTRAST ACUITY TEST
0 VISTECH VISION CONTRAST TEST
0 CAMBRIDGE LOW CONTRAST GRATINGS
0 ARDEN GRATINGS

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 PELI-ROBSON CHARTS

0 Letter optotypes of single size

0 Two groups of letters per row
0 Two groups of different contrast
0 Contrast of each letter begin with 90% decrease to
0.5% over 16 letter group.
0 Patient read from high to low contrast.

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 PELI-ROBSON CHARTS
advantages disadvantages
0 Patient is familiar 0 presentation of
with already only a single size
familiar words. letter.
0 Test has high test-
retest reliability.

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 PELI-ROBSON CHARTS

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 REGAN LOW CONTRAST
ACUITY TEST
0 Consist of three charts of letter optotype.
0 Decrease in size by one third per line.
0 The smallest letters are equivalent to a Snellen acuity
of 6/3.
0 Patient is asked to identify as many letter as possible.
0 Smallest letter readable size scored for both high,
intermediate contrast chart.

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 Advantages
0 Unaffected by refractive blurring.

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 REGAN LOW CONTRAST
ACUITY TEST

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 VISTECH VISION
CONTRAST TEST
0 Consists of six rows three inch diameter circular
patch.
0 Each row of patch contain one spatial frequency.
0 Patient required to identify the orientation, whether
the patch is blank.

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 VISTECH VISION
CONTRAST TEST
advantages disadvantages
0 Testing contrast 0 Large number of
sensitivity over a false result.
range of spatial 0 Low test retest
frequencies. reliability.

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 VISTECH VISION
CONTRAST TEST

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 CAMBRIDGE LOW
CONTRAST GRATINGS
0 Booklet of grating.
0 Viewed at the distance of six meter
0 Contrast reduced for each page.
0 One page is blank while other contain grating.
0 Patient identify which two pages contain grating

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 CAMBRIDGE LOW
CONTRAST GRATINGS

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 ARDEN GRATINGS
0 Consist of photographic plates containing grating.
0 Contrast decrease top to bottom
0 Same spatial frequency at each plate.
0 Plates are slowly uncovered until patient reports
appearance of grating.

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 ARDEN GRATINGS
advantages advantages
0 Directly testing 0 Lacking an
sensitivity to single objective check of
spatial frequencies. the patient criteria.

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 ARDEN GRATINGS

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 Factors……

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 Factors influencing Contrast
sensitivity
0 Age
0 Blur
0 Retinal Eccentricity
0 Luminance
0 Pupil size
0 Refractive errors
0 Lenticular changes

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 Contrast sensitivity
Abnormalities !!!!!!!!
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 Clinical Abnormalities
0 Diabetic Retinopathy
0 Macular diseases
0 Retinal degeneration
0 Optic nerve degeneration
0 Glaucoma

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