TV AND FM Antennas

Leo Makombe
Moses Masunda
Kudzai Mandeya
Introduction
• Commercial TV broadcasting began as black-and-white picture
transmission by BBC in 1936.
• The two dimensional image is converted to a one-dimensional electrical
signal by sequentially scanning the image.
• In commercial TV broadcasting, the bandwidth of the video signal is
limited to W = 4.2 Mhz.
• VSB modulation is employed, the total transmission bandwidth is around
6Mhz.
• Vestigial Sideband Modulation or VSB Modulation is the process where a
part of the signal called as vestige is modulated, along with one sideband.
TV antennas
• A television antenna (TV aerial) is an antenna specifically designed for use with a
television receiver(TV) to receive over-the-air broadcast television signals from a
television station.
• The purpose of the antenna is to intercept radio waves from the desired television
stations and convert them to tiny radio frequency alternating currents which are
applied to the television's tuner, which extracts the television signal.
• Terrestrial television is broadcast on frequencies from about 47 to 250 MHz in the very
high frequency (VHF) band, and 470 to 960 MHz in the ultra high frequency (UHF)
band in different countries.
• Television antennas are manufactured in two different types:
i) indoor antennas,
ii) outdoor antennas
Indoor Antennas
Indoor Antennas
• The most common types of indoor antennas are the dipole ("rabbit
ears") and loop antennas.
• for outdoor antennas the yagi, log periodic,
• for UHF channels the multi-bay reflective array antenna
Dipole Antennas
• It is a simple half-wave dipole antenna used to receive the VHF
television bands, consisting in the US of 54 to 88 MHz (band I) and
174 to 216 MHz (band III), with wavelengths of 5.5 to 1.4 m.
• It is constructed of two telescoping rods attached to a base, which
extend out to about 1 meter length (approximately one quarter
wavelength at 54 MHz), and can be collapsed when not in use.
• For best reception the rods should be adjusted to be a little less than
1/4 wavelength at the frequency of the television channel being
received.
Whip Antenna

• This consists of a single telescoping rod about a meter long attached

to the television, which can be retracted when not in use.
• It functions as a quarter-wave monopole antenna.
• The other side of the feedline is connected to the ground plane on
the TV's circuit board, which acts as ground.
• The whip antenna generally has an omnidirectional reception
pattern, with maximum sensitivity in directions perpendicular to the
antenna axis, and gain similar to the half-wave dipole.
OUTDOOR ANTENNAS

• Types of outdoor antennas include Log-periodic antenna

• The antenna can have a smaller or larger number of rod elements
• In general the more elements the higher the gain and the more
directional.
• Another design, used mainly for UHF reception, is the reflective array
antenna, consisting of a vertical metal screen with multiple dipole
elements mounted in front of it.
Log- Periodic Antenna
• A log-periodic antenna (LP), also known as a log-periodic array or log-
periodic aerial, is a multi-element, directional antenna designed to
operate over a wide band of frequencies.
• The LPDA consists of a number of half-wave dipole driven elements of
gradually increasing length, each consisting of a pair of metal rods.
• The dipoles are mounted close together in a line, connected in
parallel to the feedline with alternating phase.
• Electrically, it simulates a series of two or three-element yagi
antennas connected together, each set tuned to a different frequency.
Outdoor Antennas
Reflective Array Antenna

• reflective array antenna is a class of directive antennas in which multiple driven

elements are mounted in front of a flat surface designed to reflect the radio
waves in a desired direction.
• They are a type of array antenna.
• They are often used in the VHF and UHF frequency bands.
• VHF examples are generally large and resemble a highway billboard, so they are
sometimes called billboard antennas, or in Britain hoarding antennas.
• Other names are bedspring array and bowtie array depending on the type of
elements making up the antenna.
• The curtain array is a larger version used by shortwave radio broadcasting
stations.
Reflective Array Antenna
• The audio portion of the TV signal is transmitted is limited to W =
10kHz.
• The peak frequency deviation in the FM modulated signal is selected
as 25 kHz, and the FM-signal needs bandwidth of 70 kHz.
Radio Antenna
• an antenna or aerial is the interface between radio
waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in
metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver.
•  In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the
antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the
current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).
• In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio
wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is
applied to a receiver to be amplified.
• Antennas are essential components of all radio equipment.
• In transmission a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the
antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the
current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).
• In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio
wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is
applied to a receiver to be amplified
 Animation of a half-wave dipole antenna
radiating radio waves, showing the electric field lines
• Most FM-stereo stations transmit music stereo by using the outputs
of two microphones
• A pilot tone at the frequency of19 kHz is added to the signal for the
purpose of demodulating the DSB-SC AM signal. A monophonic FM
receiver can recover the summed signal L + R by using a convectional
FM demodulator.Hence the FM-stereo broadcasting is compatible
with the conventional FM.