PROTO TYPE LOW

PASS FILTER AND ITS DESIGN EQUATION

Presented by,

P.Rajalakshmi,
Research Scholar,
Department of ECE
 Filters

• Butterworth Filters

• Chebyshev Filters

• Elliptic Filter
 Maximally Flat Response(Butterworth Filter)

r =1 for all n

gk  2 sin[( 2 K  1) / 2n)]

Reference : SEYMOUR B.COHN “ PARALLEL COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINE RESONATOR
FILTER , IRE TRSNACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
 Consider n=1
gk  2 sin[( 2 K  1) / 2n)] K=1
g1  2 sin[( 2 *1  1) / 2)]
g1  2 sin( / 2) g1= 2

g1  2

Consider n=2 K=1,2

g2= 1.4142
g2= 1.4142
g1  2 sin[( 2 *1  1) / 4)] g 2  2 sin[( 2 * 2  1) / 4)]
g1  2 sin( / 4) g2  2 sin( 3 / 4) g1= 1.4142g1= 1.4142
g1  1.4142 g 2  1.4142
 Consider n=3
gk  2 sin[( 2 K  1) / 2n)] K=1,2,3
g1  2 sin[( 2 *1  1) / 6)]
g1  2 sin( / 6)
g1  1 g2 = 2

g 2  2 sin[( 2 * 2  1) / 6)]

g 2  2 sin( 3 / 6)
g1= 1 g3= 1
g2  2
g3  2 sin[( 2 * 3  1) / 6)]
g3  2 sin( 5 / 6)
g3  1
Maximally Flat (Butterworth) Low Pass
Prototype values
N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6

1 2.000 1.000
2 1.414 1.414 1.000
3 1.000 2.000 1.000 1.000
4 0.7654 1.848 1.848 0.7654 1.000
5 0.6180 1.618 2.000 1.618 0.6180 1.000
 Maximally Flat (Butterworth) Low Pass Prototype
values
N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 g10

1 2.000  1.000                
2 1.414 1.414   1.000              
3 1.000 2.000 1.000   1.000
           
4 0.7654 1.8477 1.8477 0.7654  1.00          
0
5 0.6180 1.6180 2.000 1.618 0.618   1.000        
0
6 0.5176 1.414 1.9318 1.9318 1.414 0.5176   1.000      
7 0.4450 1.2469 1.801 2.000 1.801 1.2469 0.4450   1.000    
9
8 0.3901 1.1111 1.6629 1.9615 1.961 1.6629 1.1111 0.3901   1.000  
5
9 0.3473 1.0000 1.53209 1.87938 2.000 1.8793 1.5320 1.000 0.3473   1.000
 Equal Ripple Response(Cheybsheff Filter)

Reference : SEYMOUR B.COHN “ PARALLEL COUPLED TRANSMISSION LINE RESONATOR

FILTER , IRE TRSNACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES
 Consider n=3, Am= 0.1 dB K=1,2,3
 ak  sin[( 2 K  1) / 2n)]
  sinh( )
2n a1  sin[( 2 *1  1) / 6)]
5.15735 a1  sin( / 6)
  sinh( )
6
a1  0.5
  sinh( 0.85956)
  0.9694
ak  sin[( 2 K  1) / 2n)]
ak  sin[( 2 K  1) / 2n)]
a3  sin[( 2 * 3  1) / 6)]
a 2  sin[( 2 * 2  1) / 6)]
a3  sin( 5 / 6)
a 2  sin( 3 / 6)
a3  0.5
a2  1
bk   2  sin 2 [ K / n] bk   2  sin 2 [ K / n]
b1  0.9694 2  sin 2 [ / 3] b2  0.9694 2  sin 2 [2 / 3]
b1  0.9397  0.75 b2  0.9397  0.75
b1  1.6897 b2  1.6897
bk   2  sin 2 [ K / n]
g 1  2 a1 /  gk 
4ak 1ak
b3  0.9694 2  sin 2 [3 / 3] g 1  2 * 0.5 / 0.9694
bk 1g k 1
b3  0.9397  0 4a1a2
g 1  1.0315 g2 
b1g1
b3  0.9397
4 * 0.5 *1
g2 
1.6897 *1.0315
g 2  1.1474
 4ak 1ak 4ak 1ak
gk  gk 
g 1  2 a1 /  bk 1g k 1 bk 1g k 1
4a1a2 4a2 a3
g 1  2 * 0.5 / 0.9694 g2  g3 
b1g1 b2 g 2
g 1  1.0315
4 * 0.5 *1 4 *1* 0.5
g2  g3 
1.6897 *1.0315 1.6897 *1.1474
g2  1.1474 g 3  1.0315
g2 = 1.1474

=1
g1 =
g3 = 1.0315
1.0315
 Normalized Chebyshev element values, Am= 0.1 dB
Ripple
N g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 g10

1 0.3052 1.000
2 0.8431 0.6220  0.7378            
3 1.0316 1.1474 1.0316 1.000          
4 1.1088 1.3062 1.7704 0.8181  0.7378        
5 1.1468 1.3712 1.9750 1.3712 1.1468  1.000      
6 1.1681 1.4040 2.0562 1.5171 1.9029 0.8618  0.7378    
7 1.1812 1.4228 2.0967 1.5734 2.0967 1.4228 1.1812  1.000  
8 1.1898 1.4346 2.1199 1.6010 2.1700 1.5641 1.9445 0.8778  0.7378
9 1.1957 1.4426 2.1346 1.6167 2.2054 1.6167 2.1346 1.4426 1.1957 1.000