CHAPTER 1

FUNCTIONS
Function is a very crucial first topic as it will determine our survival in understanding and
solving problem for the rest of other chapters in the subject of additional mathematic

What to achieve
strong fundamental understanding on function

Ability in understanding the situation given, create a relation or function

and solve the equation
 1.1 Functions

‘FUNCTIONS’ IN DAILY LIVES

◦ A cashier is paid RM80 per day. The total payments is depend on his working days.
◦ The situation is common in our daily lives.
◦ We will calculate the cashier payment as this :
working days (w) x payment per day (80) = Total payment (T)
80w=T - The expression for payment calculation
This is how we relate them.

Therefore ,basically function is the way to relate between independent variable (the working day) and dependent variable (the
total payment)
Function is an expression that defines a relationship between one variable (independent variable) and another variable ( the
dependent variable)
Function in straight line graph
(x,y)
y=2x + 1

The relation between x and y,1 and 3 is :

x on the x-axis is mapped to y on the y-axis (x y)

1 is mapped to 3 (1 3)
2 is mapped to 5 (2 5)
3 is mapped to 7 (3 7)
 f -This type of relation is called function or mapping.
x 2x + 1 -A relation is considered as a function if and only if any
element in set of X is mapped to one and only one
1 3 element in set of Y
--Any element in set of X is called object (x is the object)
-Any element in set of Y is called image (2x + 1 is the
2 5 image)
f is a function that maps x to 2x + 1
3 7

Arrow diagram

Set X Set Y
Two types of function

One-to-one function
-one object to one image

Many-to-one function
-many objects to a single image
Identify whether the following relations are function or not

2 10
The relation is a function
11 -each object has only one image
5 -it has no issue for the element (24) has no object
17
6 24

1 3
The relation is not a function
-one object has two images
2 5
-3 has two images

3 7
2 a
5 The relation is not a function
b
- 6 has no image
4
-each object must have one and only one image
6 c
 Vertical Line Test
◦ To determine whether the given graph is a function or otherwise
◦ The vertical line cuts only at one point – Function
◦ The vertical line does not cuts the graph at any point or cuts mote than one point – Not a Function

Vertical line
test
k

k Vertical line
test

The graph of k is a function The graph of k is not a function

 Determine whether the graph is a function

Function, the line cuts the Function, the line cuts the Not a Function, the line
graph at only one point graph at only one point cuts the graph at two points

Not a Function, the line

cuts the graph at two points
Graph of absolute value function

f(x)= |x| has a V-shaped graph

f(x) = |x|
The vertex is at (0,0)
|x| is read as ‘’the modulus of x”

|x|=x
and
|x|=-x

Modulus Function
Thus, when x= 2, |2|= 2 To define the value of x in the absolute value function or modulus
functon, for example
‘|x+1|=5’ for unknown ‘x’ , it will have two possible values
and, when x= -2, |-2|= -(-2)
which are
=2
1. x+1=5, x = 5-1
x=4
2. –(x+1)=5, x+1 = -5
x= -5-1
x =-6
 Write the relation by using the function notation

-3 9,(-3)2= 9, 5 25, 52=25 -5 5,|-5|= 5, 4 4, |4|=4

g:x x2 , g(x) = x2 h:x |x| , h(x) =|x|
 Sample 1

g(x) = 3 + , find images of (-5)

Means here that (-5) is the object, substituting the x value into the
function will get the image. Therefore,

g(x) = 3 + , x = -5

=3+ =2
Composite Functions gf
gf(x) = g[f(x)]
f g
• gf is the function x f(x) g[f(x)]
• f(x) is the object
• g[f(x)] is the image
Sample 2

f(x) = 3x + 4 ,g(x) = x2 + 6 , find fg(x)

fg(x) = f[g(x)]

= f(x2 + 6 ) ,(x2 + 6) is the object, then substitute into function f

= 3(x2 + 6 ) + 4

= 3x2 + 18 +4

fg(x) = 3x2 + 22
 Sample 3

g(x) = 3x , fg(x) = 9x -7, find f(x)

Let say g(x) = 3x = y

x=

fg(x) = f[g(x)]

= f(y) = 9x-7 , then substitute y into the equation

f(y) = 9 () – 7 = 3y -7 , therefore

f(x) = 3x-7